什么是服务雪崩效应
是一种因 服务提供者 的不可用导致 服务调用者 的不可用,并将不可用 逐渐放大 的过程。
比如:
正常情况下的访问 :
但是,当请求的服务中出现无法访问、异常、超时等问题时(图中的I),那么用户的请求将会被阻塞。
如果多个用户的请求中,都存在无法访问的服务,那么他们都将陷入阻塞的状态中。
常见的导致雪崩的情况有以下几种:
- 程序bug导致服务不可用,或者运行缓慢
- 缓存击穿,导致调用全部访问某服务,导致down掉
- 访问量的突然激增。
- 硬件问题
而Hystrix的引入,可以通过服务熔断和服务降级来解决这个问题。
服务熔断服务降级
Hystrix断路器简介
hystrix对应的中文名字是“豪猪”,豪猪周身长满了刺,能保护自己不受天敌的伤害,代表了一种防御机制,这与hystrix本身的功能不谋而合,因此Netflix团队将该框架命名为Hystrix,并使用了对应的卡通形象做作为logo。
在一个分布式系统里,许多依赖不可避免的会调用失败,比如超时、异常等,如何能够保证在一个依赖出问题的情况下,不会导致整体服务失败,这个就是Hystrix需要做的事情。Hystrix提供了熔断、隔离、Fallback、cache、监控等功能,能够在一个、或多个依赖同时出现问题时保证系统依然可用。
Hystrix服务熔断服务降级@HystrixCommand fallbackMethod
熔断机制是应对雪崩效应的一种微服务链路保护机制。
当某个服务不可用或者响应时间超时,会进行服务降级,进而熔断该节点的服务调用,快速返回自定义的错误影响页面信息。
比如我们用一个项目来测试一下:
创建普通的springboot项目:
microservice-book-provider-hystrix-1004
导入pom依赖:
其他的与前面的依赖变化不大,主要是为了引进Hystrix相关依赖
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.swx</groupId>
<artifactId>microservice</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>microservice-book-provider-hystrix-1004</artifactId>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.swx</groupId>
<artifactId>microservice-common</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
<artifactId>druid-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- 修改后立即生效,热部署 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>springloaded</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--添加注册中心Eureka相关配置-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-eureka</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-config</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- actuator监控引入 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--Hystrix相关依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.yml
server:
port: 1004
context-path: /
spring:
datasource:
type: com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource
driver-class-name: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/demo?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8
username: root
password: 123
jpa:
hibernate:
ddl-auto: update
show-sql: true
application:
name: microservice-book
eureka:
instance:
#eureka客户端主机实例名称
hostname: localhost
#客户端服务名
appname: microservice-book
#客户端实例名称
instance-id: microservice-book:1004
#显示IP
prefer-ip-address: true
client:
service-url:
# 单机 defaultZone: http://localhost:2001/eureka #把服务注册到eureka注册中心
defaultZone: http://eureka2001.swx.com:2001/eureka/,http://eureka2002.swx.com:2002/eureka/,http://eureka2003.swx.com:2003/eureka/
info:
groupId: com.swx.testSpringcloud
artifactId: microservice-book-provider-1004
version: 1.0-SNAPSHOT
userName: http://lentter.com
phone: 130******
启动类
主要是 @EnableCircuitBreaker 这个注解
package com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.domain.EntityScan;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
@EnableCircuitBreaker
@EntityScan("com.swx.*.*")
@EnableEurekaClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class MicroserviceBookProviderHystrix1004Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceBookProviderHystrix1004Application.class, args);
}
}
复制之前博客所写的microservice-book-provider-1001的service层、repository、controller层,并在controller中新增方法:
service
package com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.service;
import com.swx.microservicecommon.entity.Book;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @author Songwanxi
* @site www.lentter.club
* @company
* @create 2020-01-08 11:45
*/
public interface BookService {
public void save(Book book);
public Book findById(Integer id);
public List<Book> list();
public void delete(Integer id);
}
impl
package com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.service.impl;
import com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.repository.BookRepository;
import com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.service.BookService;
import com.swx.microservicecommon.entity.Book;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @author Songwanxi
* @site www.lentter.club
* @company
* @create 2020-01-08 11:47
*/
@Service
public class BookServiceImpl implements BookService {
@Autowired
private BookRepository bookRepository;
@Override
public void save(Book book) {
bookRepository.save(book);
}
@Override
public Book findById(Integer id) {
return bookRepository.findOne(id);
}
@Override
public List<Book> list() {
return bookRepository.findAll();
}
@Override
public void delete(Integer id) {
bookRepository.delete(id);
}
}
repository
package com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.repository;
import com.swx.microservicecommon.entity.Book;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaSpecificationExecutor;
/**
* @author Songwanxi
* @site www.lentter.club
* @company
* @create 2020-01-08 11:38
*/
public interface BookRepository extends JpaRepository<Book,Integer> , JpaSpecificationExecutor<Book> {
}
controller
package com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.controller;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import com.swx.microservicebookproviderhystrix1004.service.BookService;
import com.swx.microservicecommon.entity.Book;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @author Songwanxi
* @site www.lentter.club
* @company
* @create 2020-01-08 11:49
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/book")
public class BookController {
@Value("${server.port}")
private String port;
@Autowired
private BookService bookService;
@PostMapping(value="/save")
public boolean save(Book book){
try{
bookService.save(book);
return true;
}catch(Exception e){
return false;
}
}
@GetMapping(value="/list")
public List<Book> list(){
return bookService.list();
}
@GetMapping(value="/get/{id}")
public Book get(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
return bookService.findById(id);
}
@GetMapping(value="/delete/{id}")
public boolean delete(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){
try{
bookService.delete(id);
return true;
}catch(Exception e){
return false;
}
}
/**
* 测试Hystrix服务降级
* @return
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
@ResponseBody
@GetMapping(value="/hystrix")
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod="hystrixFallback")
public Map<String,Object> hystrix() throws InterruptedException{
//因为 Hystrix默认1算超时,设定 sleep了2秒 所以进入自定义fallback方法,防止服务雪崩;
Thread.sleep(2000);
Map<String,Object> map=new HashMap<String,Object>();
map.put("code", 200);
map.put("info","工号【"+port+"】正在为您服务");
return map;
}
public Map<String,Object> hystrixFallback() throws InterruptedException{
Map<String,Object> map=new HashMap<String,Object>();
map.put("code", 500);
map.put("info", "系统【"+port+"】繁忙,稍后重试");
return map;
}
}
microservice-book-consumer-80项目也要对应的加个方法
@RequestMapping("/ribbon")
public String ribbon(){
return restTemplate.getForObject(SERVER_IP_PORT + "/book/ribbon", String.class);
}
/**
* 测试Hystrix服务降级
* @return
*/
@GetMapping(value="/hystrix")
@ResponseBody
public Map<String,Object> hystrix(){
return restTemplate.getForObject(SERVER_IP_PORT+"/book/hystrix/", Map.class);
}
我们启动测试一下:
测试地址:http://localhost/book/hystrix
可以看到,睡眠了2秒后,程序返回了我们规定的内容。
但是Hystrix默认超时时间是1秒,我们可以通过hystrix源码看到,
找到 hystrix-core.jar com.netflix.hystrix包下的HystrixCommandProperties类
default_executionTimeoutInMilliseconds属性局势默认的超时时间
那么我们如何自定义超时时间呢?
看下面:
Hystrix默认超时时间设置
在application.yml配置文件加上
hystrix:
command:
default:
execution:
isolation:
thread:
timeoutInMilliseconds: 3000
这里我们设置的3秒超时,上面依然沿用2秒
然后重新启动:
这回没有超时了!
如果我把睡眠时间改成4秒:
@ResponseBody
@GetMapping(value="/hystrix")
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod="hystrixFallback")
public Map<String,Object> hystrix() throws InterruptedException{
Thread.sleep(4000);
Map<String,Object> map=new HashMap<String,Object>();
map.put("code", 200);
map.put("info","工号【"+port+"】正在为您服务");
return map;
}
重新测试:
它又超时了!
Hystrix服务监控Dashboard
Hystrix服务监控Dashboard仪表盘
Hystrix提供了 准实时的服务调用监控项目Dashboard,能够实时记录通过Hystrix发起的请求执行情况,
可以通过图表的形式展现给用户看。
创建新项目microservice-book-consumer-hystrix-dashboard-90
pom依赖
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.swx</groupId>
<artifactId>microservice</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>microservice-book-consumer-hystrix-dashboard-90</artifactId>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
<artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<!--Hystrix服务监控Dashboard依赖-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
application.yml配置
server:
port: 90
context-path: /
启动类加注解:@EnableHystrixDashboard
package com.swx.microservicebookconsumerhystrixdashboard90;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
@EnableHystrixDashboard
@SpringBootApplication
public class MicroserviceBookConsumerHystrixDashboard90Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceBookConsumerHystrixDashboard90Application.class, args);
}
}
我们启动这个项目;
然后浏览器输入:http://localhost:90/hystrix
我们加入监测地址:
http://localhost:1004/hystrix.stream
然后就会跳到监测页面:
这个时候我们在访问前面的测试地址:
监测数据详细:
可以看到,由于我们设定的秒数超过了超时时间,所以会显示失败!