1.简介
其实今天介绍也讲解的也是一种等待的方法，有些童鞋或者小伙伴们会问宏哥，这也是一种等待方法，为什么不在上一篇文章中竹筒倒豆子一股脑的全部说完，反而又在这里单独写了一篇。那是因为这个比较重要，所以宏哥专门为她量身定制了一篇。
FluentWait是Selenium中功能强大的一种等待方式，翻译成中文是流畅等待的意思。在介绍FluentWait之前，我们来讨论下为什么需要设置等待，我们前面介绍了隐式等待和显式等待。在现在很多软件产品为了加强前端的效果，采取了大量的AJAX 和Jquery技术，很多窗体内的数据，需要等待一会，才能加载完数据，才能出现一些元素，driver才能操作这些元素做一些事情。还有就是我们做一些操作，本身可能也需要等待一会才有数据显示。所以在自动化脚本开发过程，合理的设置时间等待是非常必要的，可以说百分之90以上的自动化测试用例执行失败，基本上是很时间等待有关系，造成元素没有及时在界面上显示，而报no such element子类的错误。
2.FluentWait的定义
简单来说，FluentWait就是一个普通的类，我们使用这个类能支持一直等待直到特定的条件出现。
1）是一个类而且是包org.openqa.selenium.support.ui的一部分
2）是Wait接口的一种实现
3）每个Fluent wait，我们可以设置等待最大时间，而且可以做设置等待的频率去检查一些特定的条件。
FluentWait 和 Explicit Wait的区别：简单来说就是Explicit Wait里有一些设定好了的前置条件的等待方式，而Fluent wait你可以设置自己的方法去处理各种等待的问题。
3.核心代码
3.1源码
宏哥先看一下FluentWait的源码，如何查看宏哥这里就不做赘述了。源码如下：
// Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one
// or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership. The SFC licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.
package org.openqa.selenium.support.ui;
import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.openqa.selenium.TimeoutException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Require;
import java.time.Clock;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
/**
* An implementation of the {@link Wait} interface that may have its timeout and polling interval
* configured on the fly.
*
* <p>
* Each FluentWait instance defines the maximum amount of time to wait for a condition, as well as
* the frequency with which to check the condition. Furthermore, the user may configure the wait to
* ignore specific types of exceptions whilst waiting, such as
* {@link org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException NoSuchElementExceptions} when searching for an
* element on the page.
*
* <p>
* Sample usage: <pre>
* // Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
* // for its presence once every 5 seconds.
* Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
* .withTimeout(30, SECONDS)
* .pollingEvery(5, SECONDS)
* .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
*
* WebElement foo = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
* public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
* return driver.findElement(By.id("foo"));
* }
* });
* </pre>
*
* <p>
* <em>This class makes no thread safety guarantees.</em>
*
* @param <T> The input type for each condition used with this instance.
*/
public class FluentWait<T> implements Wait<T> {
protected static final long DEFAULT_SLEEP_TIMEOUT = 500;
private static final Duration DEFAULT_WAIT_DURATION = Duration.ofMillis(DEFAULT_SLEEP_TIMEOUT);
private final T input;
private final java.time.Clock clock;
private final Sleeper sleeper;
private Duration timeout = DEFAULT_WAIT_DURATION;
private Duration interval = DEFAULT_WAIT_DURATION;
private Supplier<String> messageSupplier = () -> null;
private List<Class<? extends Throwable>> ignoredExceptions = new ArrayList<>();
/**
* @param input The input value to pass to the evaluated conditions.
*/
public FluentWait(T input) {
this(input, Clock.systemDefaultZone(), Sleeper.SYSTEM_SLEEPER);
}
/**
* @param input The input value to pass to the evaluated conditions.
* @param clock The clock to use when measuring the timeout.
* @param sleeper Used to put the thread to sleep between evaluation loops.
*/
public FluentWait(T input, java.time.Clock clock, Sleeper sleeper) {
this.input = Require.nonNull("Input", input);
this.clock = Require.nonNull("Clock", clock);
this.sleeper = Require.nonNull("Sleeper", sleeper);
}
/**
* Sets how long to wait for the evaluated condition to be true. The default timeout is
* {@link #DEFAULT_WAIT_DURATION}.
*
* @param timeout The timeout duration.
* @return A self reference.
*/
public FluentWait<T> withTimeout(Duration timeout) {
this.timeout = timeout;
return this;
}
/**
* Sets the message to be displayed when time expires.
*
* @param message to be appended to default.
* @return A self reference.
*/
public FluentWait<T> withMessage(final String message) {
this.messageSupplier = () -> message;
return this;
}
/**
* Sets the message to be evaluated and displayed when time expires.
*
* @param messageSupplier to be evaluated on failure and appended to default.
* @return A self reference.
*/
public FluentWait<T> withMessage(Supplier<String> messageSupplier) {
this.messageSupplier = messageSupplier;
return this;
}
/**
* Sets how often the condition should be evaluated.
*
* <p>
* In reality, the interval may be greater as the cost of actually evaluating a condition function
* is not factored in. The default polling interval is {@link #DEFAULT_WAIT_DURATION}.
*
* @param interval The timeout duration.
* @return A self reference.
*/
public FluentWait<T> pollingEvery(Duration interval) {
this.interval = interval;
return this;
}
/**
* Configures this instance to ignore specific types of exceptions while waiting for a condition.
* Any exceptions not whitelisted will be allowed to propagate, terminating the wait.
*
* @param types The types of exceptions to ignore.
* @param <K> an Exception that extends Throwable
* @return A self reference.
*/
public <K extends Throwable> FluentWait<T> ignoreAll(Collection<Class<? extends K>> types) {
ignoredExceptions.addAll(types);
return this;
}
/**
* @param exceptionType exception to ignore
* @return a self reference
* @see #ignoreAll(Collection)
*/
public FluentWait<T> ignoring(Class<? extends Throwable> exceptionType) {
return this.ignoreAll(ImmutableList.<Class<? extends Throwable>>of(exceptionType));
}
/**
* @param firstType exception to ignore
* @param secondType another exception to ignore
* @return a self reference
* @see #ignoreAll(Collection)
*/
public FluentWait<T> ignoring(Class<? extends Throwable> firstType,
Class<? extends Throwable> secondType) {
return this.ignoreAll(ImmutableList.of(firstType, secondType));
}
/**
* Repeatedly applies this instance's input value to the given function until one of the following
* occurs:
* <ol>
* <li>the function returns neither null nor false</li>
* <li>the function throws an unignored exception</li>
* <li>the timeout expires</li>
* <li>the current thread is interrupted</li>
* </ol>
*
* @param isTrue the parameter to pass to the {@link ExpectedCondition}
* @param <V> The function's expected return type.
* @return The function's return value if the function returned something different
* from null or false before the timeout expired.
* @throws TimeoutException If the timeout expires.
*/
@Override
public <V> V until(Function<? super T, V> isTrue) {
Instant end = clock.instant().plus(timeout);
Throwable lastException;
while (true) {
try {
V value = isTrue.apply(input);
if (value != null && (Boolean.class != value.getClass() || Boolean.TRUE.equals(value))) {
return value;
}
// Clear the last exception; if another retry or timeout exception would
// be caused by a false or null value, the last exception is not the
// cause of the timeout.
lastException = null;
} catch (Throwable e) {
lastException = propagateIfNotIgnored(e);
}
// Check the timeout after evaluating the function to ensure conditions
// with a zero timeout can succeed.
if (end.isBefore(clock.instant())) {
String message = messageSupplier != null ?
messageSupplier.get() : null;
String timeoutMessage = String.format(
"Expected condition failed: %s (tried for %d second(s) with %d milliseconds interval)",
message == null ? "waiting for " + isTrue : message,
timeout.getSeconds(), interval.toMillis());
throw timeoutException(timeoutMessage, lastException);
}
try {
sleeper.sleep(interval);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
throw new WebDriverException(e);
}
}
}
private Throwable propagateIfNotIgnored(Throwable e) {
for (Class<? extends Throwable> ignoredException : ignoredExceptions) {
if (ignoredException.isInstance(e)) {
return e;
}
}
Throwables.throwIfUnchecked(e);
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
/**
* Throws a timeout exception. This method may be overridden to throw an exception that is
* idiomatic for a particular test infrastructure, such as an AssertionError in JUnit4.
*
* @param message The timeout message.
* @param lastException The last exception to be thrown and subsequently suppressed while waiting
* on a function.
* @return Nothing will ever be returned; this return type is only specified as a convenience.
*/
protected RuntimeException timeoutException(String message, Throwable lastException) {
throw new TimeoutException(message, lastException);
}
}3.2语法
宏哥从源码中的Sample usage提取FluentWait的使用语法如下：
Wait wait = new FluentWait(WebDriver reference)
.withTimeout(timeout, SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(timeout, SECONDS)
.ignoring(Exception.class);
WebElement foo=wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
public WebElement applyy(WebDriver driver) {
return driver.findElement(By.id("foo"));
}
});3.3例子
有了语法，按照语法写一个简单例子，如下：
Wait wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(45, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingevery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);FluentWait主要使用两个参数–超时值（withTimeout）和轮询频率（pollingevery）。在上面的语法中，我们将超时值设置为45秒，轮询频率设置为5秒。等待条件的最长时间（45秒）和检查指定条件成功或失败的频率（5秒）。如果元素在此时间范围内可以查找到，它将执行下一步操作，否则它将抛出“ElementNotVisibleException”。
3.4完整代码
简单例子的完整代码如下：
package lessons;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Wait;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
public class FluentWait {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", ".\\Tools\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("www.test.com");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(45, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
WebElement ele1 = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
return driver.findElement(By.id("xxxxxxx"));
}
});
}
}4.项目实战
由于没有现成的网页或者网站以供宏哥进行演示，因此宏哥自己简单写了一个demo以便演示使用。
4.1测试网页代码
宏哥这个网页主要思想就是点击按钮后10s倒计时，倒计时结束出现元素（一段英文文字）。
测试网页test.html，参考代码如下所示：
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>北京-宏哥</title>
</head>
<style>
#click {
background-color: #4CAF50;
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 15px 32px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 16px;
margin: 4px 2px;
cursor: pointer;
}
.button {
background-color: #f44336;
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 15px 32px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 28px;
margin-bottom: 100px;
}
#myAnchor
{
text-decoration:none;
color: white;
}
</style>
<body>
<div style=" text-align:center;">
<div style="height: 100px;margin-top: 200px;">
<button class="button"><a id="myAnchor" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/du-hong/">北京-宏哥</a></button></br>
<input type="button" value="Click Me - Fluent Wait" id="click" onclick="foo(this, 10000);"/>
<p style='color:red; font-family: verdana; font-size: 20;align="center";' id="demo">Click and Wait for <b>10 seconds</b> to view a message - "Software Testing Material - DEMO PAGE"</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script>
function foo(obj, time) {
obj.disabled = true;
setTimeout(function() {
var x = setInterval(function(){
time= time - 1000; //reduce each second
obj.value = (time/1000)%60;
if(time==0){
clearInterval(x);
obj.value = document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Software Testing Material - DEMO PAGE";
obj.disabled = false;
}
}, 1000);
}, time-10000);
}
</script>
</html>下边宏哥编写java测试脚本。
4.2代码设计
设计思路：打开网页后，点击按钮开始5s频率的轮训查找元素，第一次没有找到，第二次10s刚好出现，代码也轮训查找也刚结束，没有找到，等到第三次英文文字出现了，代码也查找到，结束轮训，继续下一步操作。代码设计如下图所示：
4.3Java参考代码
宏哥首页用单元测试Junit测试一下写的方法有没有问题，没有问题，然后再调用。
4.3.1运行代码
1.运行代码，右键Run AS->JUnit Test，控制台输出，绿色的进度条证明写的方法没有问题，而且控制台也循环了2次（每次5s，一共10s），等待到了元素的出现并将其打印出来。如下图所示：
2.运行代码后电脑端的浏览器的动作，如下小视频所示：
4.4Java优化参考代码
通过上边的单元测试我们知道写的方法没有问题，那么下边我们直接调用该方法即可。优化后代码如下：
package lessons;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
/**
* @author 北京-宏哥
*
*《手把手教你》系列技巧篇（二十五）-java+ selenium自动化测试-FluentWait(详细教程)
*
* 2021年8月31日
*/
public class FluentWaitClass {
@Test
public static void fluentWaitMethod(){
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", ".\\Tools\\chromedriver.exe"); //指定驱动路径
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//最大化窗口
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取开始时间
driver.manage().window().maximize();
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取结束时间
System.out.println("程序运行时间1：" + (endTime - startTime) + "ms"); //输出程序运行时间
driver.get("file:///C:/Users/DELL/Desktop/test/test.html");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='click']")).click();
FluentWait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(45, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
long startTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取开始时间
WebElement element = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='demo']"));
String getTextOnPage = element.getText();
if(getTextOnPage.equals("Software Testing Material - DEMO PAGE")){
System.out.println(getTextOnPage);
return element;
}else{
System.out.println("FluentWait Failed");
return null;
}
}
});
long endTime1 = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取结束时间
System.out.println("程序运行时间3：" + (endTime1 - startTime1) + "ms"); //输出程序运行时间
//driver.close();
}
public static void main(String [] args){
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取开始时间
fluentWaitMethod();
long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); //获取结束时间
System.out.println("程序运行时间2：" + (endTime - startTime) + "ms"); //输出程序运行时间
}
}4.4.1运行代码
1.运行代码，右键Run AS->java Application，控制台输出，如下图所示：
2.运行代码后电脑端的浏览器的动作，如下小视频所示：
5.小结
1.在设计代码过程中会报错：Type mismatch: cannot convert from Test to Annotation 如下图所示：
查了好多都说是：类名不能和注解名称相同的原因。后来宏哥检查了一下，不相同啊，但是宏哥为啥这里还会报这个错了。原来是宏哥没有导入单元测试的包，但是也没有提示导入包，因此宏哥将包导入，代码错误消失。如下图所示：
好了，今天就分享到这里了，感谢你耐心的阅读！
每天学习一点，今后必成大神-
往期推荐（由于跳转参数丢失了，所有建议选中要访问的右键，在新标签页中打开链接即可访问）或者微信搜索: 北京宏哥 公众号提前解锁更多干货。
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