字典、集合和序列

1. 字典

创建和访问字典

brand = ['李宁', '耐克', '阿迪达斯']
slogan = ['⼀切皆有可能', 'Just do it', 'Impossible is nothing']
print('耐克的⼝号是:', slogan[brand.index('耐克')]) 
# 耐克的⼝号是: Just do it

# 法1
dic = {'李宁': '⼀切皆有可能', '耐克': 'Just do it', '阿迪达斯': 'Impossible is nothing'}
print('耐克的⼝号是:', dic['耐克']) 
# 耐克的⼝号是: Just do it

# 法2
dic = dict()
dic['a'] = 1
dic['b'] = 2
dic['c'] = 3
print(dic)
# {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

# 法3
dic = dict(name='Tom', age=10)
print(dic) # {'name': 'Tom', 'age': 10}

dict.fromkeys(seq[, value])：创建新字典，以seq为键，value为值。

seq = ('name', 'age', 'sex')
dic1 = dict.fromkeys(seq)
print("新的字典为 : %s" % str(dic1)) 
# 新的字典为 : {'name': None, 'age': None, 'sex': None}
dic2 = dict.fromkeys(seq, 10)
print("新的字典为 : %s" % str(dic2)) 
# 新的字典为 : {'name': 10, 'age': 10, 'sex': 10}
dic3 = dict.fromkeys(seq, ('⼩⻢', '8', '男'))
print("新的字典为 : %s" % str(dic3)) 
# 新的字典为 : {'name': ('⼩⻢', '8', '男'), 'age': ('⼩⻢', '8', '男'), 'sex': ('⼩⻢', '8', '男')}

dict.keys()：返回一个可迭代对象，包含字典中所有的键。

dic = {'Name': 'lsgogroup', 'Age': 7}
print(dic.keys()) 
# ['Name', 'Age']

dict.values()：返回一个可迭代对象，包含字典中所有的值。

dic = {'Sex': 'female', 'Age': 7, 'Name': 'Zara'}
print("字典所有值为 : ", dic.values())
# 字典所有值为 : [7, 'female', 'Zara']

dict.items()：返回一个（键，值）元组数组。

dic = {'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Age': 27}
print("Age 值为 : %s" % dic.get('Age')) # Age 值为 : 27
print("Sex 值为 : %s" % dic.get('Sex', "NA")) # Sex 值为 : NA

dict.get(key, default=None)：返回指定键的值，若不存在则返回默认值。

dic = {'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Age': 27}
print("Age 值为 : %s" % dic.get('Age')) # Age 值为 : 27
print("Sex 值为 : %s" % dic.get('Sex', "NA")) # Sex 值为 : NA

dict.setdefault(key, default=None)：和get类似，如果键不存在于字典中，就会添加键并将值设为默认值。

dic = {'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Age': 7}
print("Age 键的值为 : %s" % dic.setdefault('Age', None)) # Age 键的值为 : 7
print("Sex 键的值为 : %s" % dic.setdefault('Sex', None)) # Sex 键的值为 : None
print("新字典为：", dic) 
# 新字典为： {'Age': 7, 'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Sex': None}

dict.pop(key[,default])：删除指定键所对应的值并返回该值，若键不存在则返回默认值。
del dict[key]：删除给定键所对应的值。

dic1 = {1: "a", 2: [1, 2]}
print(dic1.pop(1), dic1) # a {2: [1, 2]}
# 设置默认值，必须添加，否则报错
print(dic1.pop(3, "nokey"), dic1) # nokey {2: [1, 2]}
del dic1[2]
print(dic1) # {}

dict.popitem()：随机删除并返回字典中一对键和值。

dic1 = {1: "a", 2: [1, 2]}
print(dic1.popitem()) # (1, 'a')
print(dic1) # {2: [1, 2]}

dict.clear()：清空字典。

dic = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7}
print("字典⻓度 : %d" % len(dic)) # 字典⻓度 : 2
dict.clear()
print("字典删除后⻓度 : %d" % len(dic)) # 字典删除后⻓度 : 0

dict.copy()：返回字典一个浅复制。

dic1 = {'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'}
dic2 = dic1.copy()
print("新复制的字典为 : ", dic2) 
# 新复制的字典为 : {'Age': 7, 'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Class': 'First'}

dict.update(dict2)：把dict2的键值更新到字典dict中。

dic = {'Name': 'Lsgogroup', 'Age': 7}
dic2 = {'Sex': 'female', 'Age': 8}
dic.update(dic2)
print("更新字典 dict : ", dic) 
# 更新字典 dict : {'Sex': 'female', 'Age': 8, 'Name': 'Lsgogroup'}

2. 集合

创建空集合

s = set()
## s = {} 创建的是空字典

set(value)：把列表或元组转换成集合

a = set('abracadabra')
print(a) 
# {'r', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'a'}

b = set(("Google", "Lsgogroup", "Taobao", "Taobao"))
print(b) 
# {'Taobao', 'Lsgogroup', 'Google'}

c = set(["Google", "Lsgogroup", "Taobao", "Google"])
print(c) 
# {'Taobao', 'Lsgogroup', 'Google'}

快速去重

lst = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 1]
temp = []
for item in lst:
 if item not in temp:
 temp.append(item)
print(temp) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a = set(lst)
print(list(a)) # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

set.add(elmnt)：用于给集合添加元素。

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.add("orange")
print(fruits) 
# {'orange', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}

fruits.add("apple")
print(fruits) 
# {'orange', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}

set.update(set)：用于修改当前集合。

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} y = {"google", "baidu", "apple"} x.update(y)
print(x)
# {'cherry', 'banana', 'apple', 'google', 'baidu'}

y.update(["lsgo", "dreamtech"])
print(y)
# {'lsgo', 'baidu', 'dreamtech', 'apple', 'google'}

set.remove(item)：用于删除指定元素。

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
fruits.discard("banana")
print(fruits) # {'apple', 'cherry'}

set.pop()：随机删除一个元素。

fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} x = fruits.pop()
print(fruits) # {'cherry', 'apple'}
print(x) # banana

set.intersection(set1, set2 ...)：取交集
set1 & set2：取交集
set.intersection_update(set1, set2 ...)：在原始集合上进行取交集操作

a = set('abracadabra') b = set('alacazam')
print(a) # {'r', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'd'}
print(b) # {'c', 'a', 'l', 'm', 'z'}

c = a.intersection(b)
print(c) # {'a', 'c'}

print(a & b) # {'c', 'a'}

print(a) # {'a', 'r', 'c', 'b', 'd'}
a.intersection_update(b)
print(a) # {'a', 'c'}

set.union(set1, set2...)：取并集
set1 | set2：取并集

a = set('abracadabra') b = set('alacazam')
print(a) # {'r', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'd'}
print(b) # {'c', 'a', 'l', 'm', 'z'}

print(a | b) # {'l', 'd', 'm', 'b', 'a', 'r', 'z', 'c'}
c = a.union(b)
print(c) # {'c', 'a', 'd', 'm', 'r', 'b', 'z', 'l'}

set.difference(set)：取差集
set1 - set2：取差集
set.difference_update(set)：在原始集合上进行取差集操作

a = set('abracadabra') b = set('alacazam')
print(a) # {'r', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'd'}
print(b) # {'c', 'a', 'l', 'm', 'z'}

c = a.difference(b)
print(c) # {'b', 'd', 'r'}
print(a - b) # {'d', 'b', 'r'}

print(a) # {'r', 'd', 'c', 'a', 'b'}
a.difference_update(b)
print(a) # {'d', 'r', 'b'}

set.symmetric_difference(set)：取异或
set1 ^ set2：取异或
set.symmetric_difference_update(set)：在原始集合上进行异或操作

a = set('abracadabra') b = set('alacazam')
print(a) # {'r', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'd'}
print(b) # {'c', 'a', 'l', 'm', 'z'}

c = a.symmetric_difference(b)
print(c) # {'m', 'r', 'l', 'b', 'z', 'd'}
print(a ^ b) # {'m', 'r', 'l', 'b', 'z', 'd'}

print(a) # {'r', 'd', 'c', 'a', 'b'}
a.symmetric_difference_update(b)
print(a) # {'r', 'b', 'm', 'l', 'z', 'd'}

set.issubset(set)：判断是否属于其他集合
set1 <= set2：判断是否属于其他集合

x = {"a", "b", "c"} 
y = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"} 
z = x.issubset(y)
print(z) # True
print(x <= y) # True

x = {"a", "b", "c"} 
y = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b"} 
z = x.issubset(y)
print(z) # False
print(x <= y) # False

set.issuperset(set)：判断是否包含其他集合
set1 >= set2：判断是否包含其他集合

x = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"} 
y = {"a", "b", "c"}
z = x.issuperset(y)
print(z) # True
print(x >= y) # True

x = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b"} 
y = {"a", "b", "c"} 
z = x.issuperset(y)
print(z) # False
print(x >= y) # False

set.isdisjoint(set)：判断两个集合是不是不相交。

x = {"f", "e", "d", "c", "b"} 
y = {"a", "b", "c"} 
z = x.isdisjoint(y)
print(z) # False

x = {"f", "e", "d", "m", "g"} 
y = {"a", "b", "c"} 
z = x.isdisjoint(y)
print(z) # True

不可变集合：frozenset([iterable])，不能再添加或删除元素。

a = frozenset(range(10)) # ⽣成⼀个新的不可变集合
print(a) 
# frozenset({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})

b = frozenset('lsgogroup')
print(b) 
# frozenset({'g', 's', 'p', 'r', 'u', 'o', 'l'})

3. 序列

list(sub)：把一个可迭代对象转为列表

a = list()
print(a) # []

b = 'I Love LsgoGroup'
b = list(b)
print(b) 

# ['I', ' ', 'L', 'o', 'v', 'e', ' ', 'L', 's', 'g', 'o', 'G', 'r', 'o', 'u', 'p']
c = (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8) c = list(c)
print(c) # [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]

tuple(sub)：把一个可迭代对象转换为元组

a = tuple()
print(a) # ()

b = 'I Love LsgoGroup'
b = tuple(b)
print(b) 
# ('I', ' ', 'L', 'o', 'v', 'e', ' ', 'L', 's', 'g', 'o', 'G', 'r', 'o', 'u', 'p')

c = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8] c = tuple(c)
print(c) # (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8)

str(obj)：转为字符串

a = 123
a = str(a)
print(a) # 123

max(sub)：返回序列或参数集合中最大值

print(max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) # 5
print(max([-8, 99, 3, 7, 83])) # 99
print(max('IloveLsgoGroup')) # v

min(sub)：返回序列或参数集合中最小值

print(min(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) # 1
print(min([-8, 99, 3, 7, 83])) # -8
print(min('IloveLsgoGroup')) # G

sum(iterable[, start=0])：返回总和

print(sum([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])) # 25
print(sum([1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 10)) # 35
print(sum((1, 3, 5, 7, 9))) # 25
print(sum((1, 3, 5, 7, 9), 20)) # 45

sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)：排序

x = [-8, 99, 3, 7, 83]
print(sorted(x)) # [-8, 3, 7, 83, 99]
print(sorted(x, reverse=True)) # [99, 83, 7, 3, -8]
t = ({"age": 20, "name": "a"}, {"age": 25, "name": "b"}, {"age": 10, "name": "c"})
x = sorted(t, key=lambda a: a["age"])
print(x)
# [{'age': 10, 'name': 'c'}, {'age': 20, 'name': 'a'}, {'age': 25, 'name': 'b'}]

reversed(seq)：序列反转

s = 'lsgogroup'
x = reversed(s)
print(type(x)) # <class 'reversed'>
print(x) # <reversed object at 0x000002507E8EC2C8>
print(list(x))
# ['p', 'u', 'o', 'r', 'g', 'o', 'g', 's', 'l']

t = ('l', 's', 'g', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'o', 'u', 'p')
print(list(reversed(t)))
# ['p', 'u', 'o', 'r', 'g', 'o', 'g', 's', 'l']

r = range(5, 9)
print(list(reversed(r)))
# [8, 7, 6, 5]

x = [-8, 99, 3, 7, 83]
print(list(reversed(x)))
# [83, 7, 3, 99, -8]

enumerate(sequence, [start=0])：枚举

seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter'] a = list(enumerate(seasons))
print(a) 
# [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]

b = list(enumerate(seasons, 1))
print(b) 
# [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]

for i, element in a:
 print('{0},{1}'.format(i, element))

zip(iter1 [,iter2 [...]])：把元素打包成元组并返回迭代对象，可用list转为列表，利用*可以将元组解压为列表。

a = [1, 2, 3] b = [4, 5, 6] c = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
zipped = zip(a, b)
print(zipped) # <zip object at 0x000000C5D89EDD88>
print(list(zipped)) # [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

zipped = zip(a, c)
print(list(zipped)) # [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]

a1, a2 = zip(*zip(a, b))
print(list(a1)) # [1, 2, 3]
print(list(a2)) # [4, 5, 6]

参考：字典，集合，序列.