django-Vue搭建博客：基于类的视图

教程来源杜塞-django-vue系列
博客链接 传送门

传统Django中就有基于类的试图存在，DRF 中自然也有，功能大致相同。

在视图函数中新增以下代码：

# article/views.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from django.http import Http404

class ArticleDetail(APIView):
    """文章详情试图"""

    def get_object(self, pk):

        try:
            # pk为文章主键，默认为id
            return Article.objects.get(pk=pk)
        except:
            raise Http404
    def get(self, request, pk):
        article = self.get_object(pk)
        serializer = ArticleListSerializer(article)
        # 返回 Json 数据
        return Response(serializer.data)

    def put(self, request, pk):
        article = self.get_object(pk)
        serializer = ArticleDetailSerializer(article,data=request.data)
        # 验证合法性，不合法返回400
        if serializer.is_valid():
            # 序列化器将持有的数据反序列化后存入数据库
            serializer.save()
            return Response(serializer.data)
        return Response(serializer.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
    def delete(self, request, pk):
        article = self.get_object(pk)
        article.delete()
        # 删除后返回204
        return Response(status=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT)

代码不复杂，就是提供了对文章详情的获取、修改、删除的 3 个方法，以及 1 个用于获取单个文章 model 的辅助方法。和之前说的一样，DRF 类视图与传统 Django 的区别，.get()、 .put()就是多了一个将对象序列化（或反序列化）的步骤。.delete() 方法因为不用返回实际数据，执行完删除动作就OK了。
由于详情接口需要返回完整的字段数据，所以要重新给它定义一个序列化器：

class ArticleDetailSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Article
        fields = '__all__'

pythonfields = '__all__'代表要使用所有字段。
配置article/url.py：

urlpatterns = [
   ···
   path('<int:pk>/', ArticleDetail.as_view(), name='detail'),
]

这就可以了。

发送一个请求试试：

(venv) E:\drf>http http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/1/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Allow: GET, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 158
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 12:47:22 GMT
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Server: WSGIServer/0.2 CPython/3.9.4
Vary: Accept, Cookie
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY

{
    "body": "Python is one of my favorite programming languages",
    "created": "2021-06-11T11:35:50Z",
    "id": 1,
    "title": "python",
    "updated": "2021-06-11T11:37:14.001883Z"
}

使用 PUT 添加文章试试：

(venv) E:\drf>http PUT http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/1/ title=something.. body=changed..
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Allow: GET, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 122
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 12:52:23 GMT
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Server: WSGIServer/0.2 CPython/3.9.4
Vary: Accept, Cookie
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY

{
    "body": "changed..",
    "created": "2021-06-11T11:35:50Z",
    "id": 1,
    "title": "something..",
    "updated": "2021-06-12T12:52:23.905435Z"
}

然后删除掉：

(venv) E:\drf>http delete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/1/
HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
Allow: GET, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 0
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 12:54:07 GMT
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Server: WSGIServer/0.2 CPython/3.9.4
Vary: Accept, Cookie
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY

这篇id=1的文章就被删除掉了。注意：put delete 大小写均可以。

通用试图-简化代码

对数据的增删改查我们可以不用使用繁杂的操作，可以通过 DRF 提供的 Mixin 类直接集成对应的功能。

修改一下 ArticleDetail视图：

# article/views.py
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics
class ArticleDetail(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
                    mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
                    mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
                    generics.GenericAPIView):
    """文章详情试图"""

    queryset = Article.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ArticleDetailSerializer

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)

使用Mixin 已经组合够简单了，但我们还可以更简单：

# article/views.py
# 文章试图
class ArticleList(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Article.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ArticleDetailSerializer
# 列表视图也可以这样更改
class ArticleDetail(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
    """文章详情试图"""

    queryset = Article.objects.all()
    serializer_class = ArticleDetailSerializer

列表测试：

(venv) E:\drf>http http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Allow: GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 352
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 13:05:38 GMT
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Server: WSGIServer/0.2 CPython/3.9.4
Vary: Accept, Cookie
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY

[
    {
        "body": "I like too。",
        "created": "2021-06-11T11:37:15Z",
        "id": 2,
        "title": "Java",
        "updated": "2021-06-11T11:37:31.117904Z"
    },
    {
        "body": "I'm testing",
        "created": "2021-06-11T11:37:34Z",
        "id": 3,
        "title": "test",
        "updated": "2021-06-11T11:37:56.285260Z"
    },
    {
        "body": "",
        "created": "2021-06-11T14:34:28.022152Z",
        "id": 4,
        "title": "c++",
        "updated": "2021-06-11T14:34:28.022152Z"
    }
]

文章详情页测试：

查看
(venv) E:\drf>http http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/2/
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 119
Content-Type: application/json
{
    "body": "I like too。",
    "created": "2021-06-11T11:37:15Z",
    "id": 2,
    "title": "Java",
    "updated": "2021-06-11T11:37:31.117904Z"
}
修改
(venv) E:\drf>http put http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/2/ title=test body=changed..
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 115
Content-Type: application/json
{
    "body": "changed..",
    "created": "2021-06-11T11:37:15Z",
    "id": 2,
    "title": "test",
    "updated": "2021-06-12T13:07:26.031985Z"
}
删除
(venv) E:\drf>http delete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/article/2/
HTTP/1.1 204 No Content
Allow: GET, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Length: 0
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 2021 13:07:56 GMT
Referrer-Policy: same-origin
Server: WSGIServer/0.2 CPython/3.9.4
Vary: Accept, Cookie
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY

均测试成功，除了上述介绍的以外，框架还提供 ListModelMixin、CreateModelMixin等混入类或通用视图，覆盖了基础的增删改查需求。