Python --模块-CSDN博客

In [4]: sys.path
Out[4]:
['C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311\\Scripts\\ipython.exe',
 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311\\python311.zip',
 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311\\DLLs',
 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311\\Lib',
 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311',
 '',
 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Python311\\Lib\\site-packages']

3，名称空间

3-1，什么是名称空间

名称空间是变量名到对象的映射

3-2，名字空间个数

程序运行期间有2~3个名称空间：分别为局部名称空间、全局名称空间、内建名称空间，局部名称空间是函数运行期间存在，全局、内建是程序运行期间一直存在；

3-3，名称空间的加载顺序

先加载内建名称空间，再加载全局名称空间，最后是局部名称空间

3-4，名称的查找顺序

先在局部名称空间查找，再到全局名称空间查找，最后到内建名称空间查找， 先找到就不在继续查找

4，导入模块

4-1， import语句导入

通过import 模块名， 导入模块

In [7]: import sys

推荐模块的导入顺序：

先导入python 标准库， 再导入第三方模块， 最后导入自定义模块；使用一个空行分割三类模块导入

在模块顶层导入的，它的作用域为全局，在函数中导入的，它的作用域为局部

模块只在第一次导入时，才执行，且只执行顶层代码；例入你的模块导入了sys模块，而你导入的其他5个模块也导入了sys模块，实际上sys模块只被加载了一次

4-2， from-import语句导入

通过from module import name1， 指定模块中的属性导入

In [2]: from random import randint

4-3，多行导入

当导入的模块里面的属性过多时，可以分多行进行导入

from tkinter import Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text
from tkinter import LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END

# 推荐使用括号来括起导入的属性
from tkinter import (Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text, LEFT, 
                     DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END)

4-4，导入模块后使用别名

通过import 模块 as 模块别名方式，给导入的模块去别名

# 导入tkinter模块并取别名tk
In [6]: import tkinter as tk

5，模块的内建函数

5-1， import()

该函数的功能是为了让有特殊要求的用户覆盖它本身

__import__(module_name [, globals[, locals[, fromlist]]])

module_name是要导入模块的名字字符串表示

globals是包含当前全局符号表的名字字典， 默认为globals()

locals是包含局部符号表的名字字典，默认为locals()

fromlist是一个使用from-import语句所导入符号的列表，默认[]

# 等价于import sys
In [1]: sys = __import__('sys')

5-2， globals()

该函数返回当前的全局名称空间字典

5-3， locals()

该函数返回当前的局部名称空间字典，在函数内部调用，则返回当前函数的局部空间字典；在函数外部调用，则返回与globals一致

In [2]: def foo():
   ...:     print('calling foo...')
   ...:     a_string = 'bar'
   ...:     a_int = 42
   ...:     print("foo's globals:", globals())
   ...:     print("foo's locals:", locals())
   ...:

In [3]: print("__main__'s globals:", globals())
__main__'s globals: {'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': [WindowsPath('C:/Users/Administrator')], 'In': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <IPython.terminal.interactiveshell.TerminalInteractiveShell object at 0x000002C52E64CD90>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'open': <function open at 0x000002C52D4DC220>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', '_ii': 'sys', '_iii': '', '_i1': 'sys', '_i2': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'foo': <function foo at 0x000002C52E9BBE20>, '_i3': 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())'}

In [4]: print("__main__'s locals:", locals())
__main__'s locals: {'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': [WindowsPath('C:/Users/Administrator')], 'In': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <IPython.terminal.interactiveshell.TerminalInteractiveShell object at 0x000002C52E64CD90>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'open': <function open at 0x000002C52D4DC220>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', '_ii': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', '_iii': 'sys', '_i1': 'sys', '_i2': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'foo': <function foo at 0x000002C52E9BBE20>, '_i3': 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', '_i4': 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())'}

In [5]: foo()
calling foo...
foo's globals: {'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())', 'foo()'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': [WindowsPath('C:/Users/Administrator')], 'In': ['', 'sys', 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())', 'foo()'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <IPython.terminal.interactiveshell.TerminalInteractiveShell object at 0x000002C52E64CD90>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ExitAutocall object at 0x000002C52E648910>, 'open': <function open at 0x000002C52D4DC220>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())', '_ii': 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', '_iii': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', '_i1': 'sys', '_i2': 'def foo():\n    print(\'calling foo...\')\n    a_string = \'bar\'\n    a_int = 42\n    print("foo\'s globals:", globals())\n    print("foo\'s locals:", locals())\n    ', 'foo': <function foo at 0x000002C52E9BBE20>, '_i3': 'print("__main__\'s globals:", globals())', '_i4': 'print("__main__\'s locals:", locals())', '_i5': 'foo()'}
foo's locals: {'a_string': 'bar', 'a_int': 42}

6，包

包是一个有层次的文件目录结构，是由子包和模块组成

子包的同级目录中，需要有个__init__.py文件，该文件的作用是初始化模块

6-1，导入包

和导入模块的方法相同，使用from-import来导入包

包也使用据点属性来访问他们的元素

from package.module import *

这样的语句会导入那些文件取决于操作系统的文件系统，所以我们在__init__.py中加入__all__变量，该变量包含执行这样的语句时，应该导入的模块名字，它有一个模块名字符串列表组成

6-2，绝对导入和相对导入

在导入子包前加上句点，表示是相对导入，导入的方式只能是from-import方式

# Analog前的.表示是相对导入的意思
# Analog与当前py文件存在同一层级
from .Analog import dial

# common_util的第一个点表示相对导入的意思
# 第二个句点，表示从上层目录导入, 即common_util模块或子包在当前py文件的上层目录中
from ..common_util import setup

7，阻止属性导入

若要阻止某个模块的属性导入，则可以在该属性名使用_xx(属性名前一个下划线)形式

若是导入了整个模块或是显示导入该属性，则该方法不起作用

# 这时不能导入Analog模块中的_dail属性
from Phone.Mobile.Analog import *

print('args:', dail, _dail)

# 这时能导入Analog模块中的_dail属性
from Phone.Mobile.Analog import _dail

print('args:', dail, _dail)

8，循环导入

在A模块中导入B，在B模块中导入A，这种情况就会上报错误

解决循环导入的方法，把其中的一个导入引入到函数中进行导入；因为导入模块是执行的顶层代码，函数中的导入不会执行，所以能解决循环导入的问题

# a1.py
from a import b

# a2.py
from b import a

Python --模块

1， 什么是模块

2， 模块导入流程

3， 名称空间

3-1， 什么是名称空间

3-2， 名字空间个数

3-3， 名称空间的加载顺序

3-4， 名称的查找顺序

4， 导入模块

4-1， import语句导入

4-2， from-import语句导入

4-3， 多行导入

4-4， 导入模块后使用别名

5， 模块的内建函数

5-1， __import__()

5-2， globals()

5-3， locals()

6， 包

6-1， 导入包

6-2， 绝对导入和相对导入

7， 阻止属性导入

8， 循环导入

1，什么是模块

2，模块导入流程