Linux服务之SSH

一、ssh（secure shell）安装

 

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01. [root@localhost logs]# yum install openssh

02.  

03. ………………………………

04.  

05. Downloading Packages:

06. (1/4): openssh-5.3p1-84.1.el6.x86 | 236 kB     00:00    

07. (2/4): openssh-askpass-5.3p1-84.1 |  53 kB     00:00    

08. (3/4): openssh-clients-5.3p1-84.1 | 355 kB     00:00    

09. (4/4): openssh-server-5.3p1-84.1. | 299 kB     00:00

10.  

11.  

12. ……………………

二、ssh相关的文件详解

 

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001. 1、 /etc/ssh/sshd_config   ssh 服务的主配置文件，基本上所有的ssh相关设定都在这里

002.  

003.  

004. # This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file.  See

005. # sshd_config(5) for more information.

006.  

007. # This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin

008. # The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with

009. # OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where

010. # possible, but leave them commented.  Uncommented options change a

011. # default value.

012.  

013.  

014. #Port 22       -----sshd服务默认的端口22，为了安全考虑建议修改成其它端口

015.  

016. #AddressFamily any

017. ListenAddress 192.168.1.1  -------------监听的主机，只监听来自192.168.1.1的ssh连接

018. #ListenAddress ::

019. # Disable legacy (protocol version 1) support in the server for new

020. # installations. In future the default will change to require explicit

021. # activation of protocol 1

022. Protocol 2           ----------------ssh的协议版本，这里是2

023.  

024. # HostKey for protocol version 1

025. #HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key

026. # HostKeys for protocol version 2

027. #HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key

028. #HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key

029.  

030. # Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key

031. #KeyRegenerationInterval 1h                -----------每个一个小时重新建立一次连接，这里未开启

032. #ServerKeyBits 1024       -----------server key的长度

033.  

034. # Logging

035. # obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging

036. #SyslogFacility AUTH                         

037. SyslogFacility AUTHPRIV      ------------当有人使用ssh登入系统的时候，ssh会记录信息（/var/log/secure）

038. #LogLevel INFO

039.  

040. # Authentication:

041. #LoginGraceTime 2m

042. #PermitRootLogin yes        -----------是否允许root登陆，默认是允许的，建议设置成no

043. #StrictModes yes               -------------当使用者的host key改变之后，server就不接受其联机

044. #MaxAuthTries 6               --------------最多root尝试6次连接

045. #MaxSessions 10

046.  

047. #RSAAuthentication yes    -------------是否使用rsa认证，只针对version1

048. #PubkeyAuthentication yes ------------是否允许public key，只针对version2

049. #AuthorizedKeysFile     .ssh/authorized_keys  -------认证文件

050. #AuthorizedKeysCommand none

051. #AuthorizedKeysCommandRunAs nobody

052.  

053. # For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts

054. #RhostsRSAAuthentication no   ---------是否仅适用于rhosts认证，为了安全一定设置为否

055. # similar for protocol version 2

056. #HostbasedAuthentication no

057. # Change to yes if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for

058. # RhostsRSAAuthentication and HostbasedAuthentication

059. #IgnoreUserKnownHosts no   --------------是否忽略掉~/.shosts files中的用户

060. # Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files 

061. #IgnoreRhosts yes

062.  

063. # To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!

064. #PasswordAuthentication yes    --------------是否需要密码认证

065. #PermitEmptyPasswords no       --------------不允许空密码

066. PasswordAuthentication yes       -------------开启密码认证

067. # Change to no to disable s/key passwords

068. #ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes

069. ChallengeResponseAuthentication no   -----------不挑战任何的密码认证，任何login.conf规定的认证方式，都禁用

070. # Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing,

071. # and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will be allowed through the #ChallengeResponseAuthentication and PasswordAuthentication.  Depending on your PAM configuration,

072. # PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypassthe setting of "PermitRootLogin without-#password". If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without PAM authentication, then enable #this but set PasswordAuthentication and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'.

073. UsePAM yes      -----------启用pam模块

074. # Accept locale-related environment variables          ------------环境变量

075. AcceptEnv LANG LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES

076. AcceptEnv LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT

077. AcceptEnv LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_ALL LANGUAGE

078. AcceptEnv XMODIFIERS

079. #PrintMotd yes       ---------登陆后是否显示一些默认信息

080. #PrintLastLog yes  ---------显示上次登录的信息

081. #TCPKeepAlive yes  -------ssh server会传keepalive信息给client以此确保两者的联机正常，任何一端死后，马上断开

082. #UseLogin no

083. #UsePrivilegeSeparation yes   -------------使用者的权限设定

084. #PermitUserEnvironment no

085. #PidFile /var/run/sshd.pid

086. #MaxStartups 10     ----------最大联机画面

087. #PermitTunnel no

088. #ChrootDirectory none

089. # override default of no subsystems

090.  

091. Subsystem       sftp    /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server         ----------  sftp服务的设置

092.  

093. ++++++++++++以上是sshd服务端+++++++下面是客户端++++++++

094.  

095. 2、/etc/ssh/ssh_config    -------ssh客户端配置文件

096.  

097. # This is the ssh client system-wide configuration file.  See

098. # ssh_config(5) for more information.  This file provides defaults for

099. # users, and the values can be changed in per-user configuration files or on the command line.

100. # Host *   -----------只匹配设定的主机，这里默认是匹配所有的主机

101. #   ForwardAgent no     ------------连接是否经过验证代理

102. #   ForwardX11 no        ------------x11连接是否被自动重定向到安全的通道和显示集；

103. #   RhostsRSAAuthentication no  -----是否使用rsa算法的基于rhosts的安全验证

104. #   RSAAuthentication yes    ----------是否使用rsa算法验证

105. #   PasswordAuthentication yes  ----------是否使用密码验证

106. #   CheckHostIP yes    -------------是否验证ip

107. #   AddressFamily any

108. #   ConnectTimeout 0   ----------连接超时时间

109. #   StrictHostKeyChecking ask

110. #   IdentityFile ~/.ssh/identity

111. #   IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa

112. #   IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_dsa

113. #   Port 22          ------------连接远程主机的端口

114. #   Protocol 2,1  -----------采用的协议版本

115. #   Cipher 3des

116. #   Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc

117. #   MACs hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160

118. #   EscapeChar ~   --------------设置escape字符

119. #   Tunnel no

120. #   TunnelDevice any:any

121. #   PermitLocalCommand no

122. #   VisualHostKey no

123. Host *

124. GSSAPIAuthentication yes

125. # If this option is set to yes then remote X11 clients will have full access

126. # to the original X11 display. As virtually no X11 client supports the untrusted

127. # mode correctly we set this to yes.

128. ForwardX11Trusted yes

129. # Send locale-related environment variables

130. SendEnv LANG LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES

131. SendEnv LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT

132. SendEnv LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_ALL LANGUAGE

133. SendEnv XMODIFIERS

134.  

135.  

136. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

3、~/.ssh/known_hosts文件的作用

ssh 会把每个你访问过的计算机的公钥（public key）都记录到~/.ssh/known_hosts文件中，当你下次访问该计算机时，openss会核对公钥。如果公钥不同，那openssh就会发出警告，避免你收到DNSHijack等攻击

 

三、ssh服务控制命令

启动ssh服务： service sshd start

关闭ssh服务：service sshdstop

重启ssh服务： service sshd restart

 

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1. [root@localhost softs]# netstat -anpt | grep sshd     ----------查看sshd的22端口是否打开

2.  

3. tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2854/sshd

ssh命令常用的参数

-l  指定用户；   -p指定端口号；   -X开启x协议转发

 

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01. [root@localhost softs]# ssh root@192.168.254.46

02. The authenticity of host '192.168.254.46 (192.168.254.46)' can't be established.

03. RSA key fingerprint is 18:5f:3e:08:d0:a7:f1:93:f9:34:63:41:31:24:2a:02.

04. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes

05. Warning: Permanently added '192.168.254.46' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.

06. root@192.168.254.46's password:           #输入密码

07.  

08.  

09. Last login: Wed Oct 23 10:20:19 2013 from 192.168.254.152      -----登陆成功

10.  

11.  

12. [root@localhost ~]# exit -------断开ssh连接

13. logout

14. Connection to 192.168.254.46 closed.

15.  

16.  

17. [root@localhost softs]# ssh -p 22 -l root 192.168.254.46   #P默认为22，可以省略

18. root@192.168.254.46's password:

19.  

20.  

21. [root@localhost softs]# ssh 192.168.254.46

22. root@192.168.254.46's password:

23.  

24. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

四、ssh的公钥认证

1.生成密钥文件

 

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01. [root@localhost ~]# lsb_release -a   -------先看一下我的linux版本

02. LSB Version:    :core-3.1-ia32:core-3.1-noarch:graphics-3.1-ia32:graphics-3.1-noarch

03. Distributor ID: RedHatEnterpriseServer

04. Description:    Red Hat Enterprise <a href="http://www.it165.net/os/oslin/" target="_blank" class="keylink">Linux</a> Server release 5.5 (Tikanga)

05. Release:        5.5

06. Codename:       Tikanga

07.  

08.  

09.  

10.  

11.  

12. [root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa         #生成密钥对

13. Generating public/private rsa key pair.

14. Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):         #输入私钥文件的名称，直接回车使用默认名称

15. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):    #输入密钥文件的密码，直接回车不设置密码

16. Enter same passphrase again:                          #再次输入密码确认

17. Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.

18. Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.

19. The key fingerprint is:

20. d3:41:dd:41:56:a2:ca:7a:81:9a:64:74:d7:df:32:9e root@localhost.localdomain

21.  

22.  

23. [root@localhost ~]# ll /root/.ssh/

24. 总计 12

25. -rw------- 1 root root 1675 10-23 10:28 id_rsa      -------生成的私钥

26. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  408 10-23 10:28 id_rsa.pub  ------生成的公钥

27. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  396 10-23 10:20 known_hosts ------登陆者的信息

2、将公钥复制到远程主机

 

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1. [root@localhost ~]# scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.254.46:~/.ssh/authorized_keys

2.  

3. ------将公钥复制到远程服务器指定的目录下，并且重命名为authorized_keys。scp是openssh自带的工具。

4.  

5. root@192.168.254.46's password:      --------输入远程主机的密码

6. id_rsa.pub                 100%  408     0.4KB/s   00:00

3、登录到远程主机

 

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1. [root@localhost ~]# ssh 192.168.254.46

2. root@192.168.254.46's password:

查看该主机的系统版本

 

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1. [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/version

2. <a href="http://www.it165.net/os/oslin/" target="_blank" class="keylink">Linux</a> version 2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b6.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.4 20100726 (Red Hat 4.4.4-13) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri May 20 03:51:51 BST 2011

3. [root@localhost ~]#

然后再该主机上同样生成公钥

 

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01. [root@localhost ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa

02. Generating public/private rsa key pair.

03. Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):

04. Created directory '/root/.ssh'.

05. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):

06. Enter same passphrase again:

07. Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.

08. Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.

09. The key fingerprint is:

10. 6b:35:ba:70:2d:06:ee:3e:80:37:7b:ee:9c:1f:c1:2e root@localhost.localdomain

11. The key's randomart image is:

12. +--[ RSA 2048]----+

13. |                 |

14. |                 |

15. |                 |

16. |       .         |

17. |   .  . S o      |

18. |  . +. o * .     |

19. |   . +E X .      |

20. |    .ooB +       |

21. |     =Boo        |

22. +-----------------+

  将公钥传到192.168.254.153上面

 

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01. [root@localhost ~]# ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@192.168.254.153   ======另外一种远程传公钥的方法

02. The authenticity of host '192.168.254.153 (192.168.254.153)' can't be established.

03. RSA key fingerprint is 4d:24:b3:e8:82:11:bf:e1:a0:0c:45:27:57:8e:a1:c8.

04. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes

05. Warning: Permanently added '192.168.254.153' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.

06. root@192.168.254.153's pass<a href="http://www.it165.net/edu/ebg/" target="_blank" class="keylink">word</a>:     ----------------输入192.168.254.153的密码

07.  

08.  

09. Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'root@192.168.254.153'", and check in:

10.  

11. .ssh/authorized_keys

12.  

13. to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting.

14.  

15.  

16. [root@localhost ~]# ssh root@192.168.254.153

17. Last login: Wed Oct 23 09:55:54 2013 from 192.168.254.152    ----------不用输密码可以直接登陆了

五 、ssh客户端的使用

ssh 客户端的命令主要包括ssh ，scp和sftp

1、ssh的使用

ssh root@192.168.0.12 以root身份 远程登录远程主机

2、scp命令

scp命令可以用来通过安全加密的连接在机器之间进行文件的传输，与rcp相似。它传文件的一般语法为

scp localfile username@hostip:/newfilename

localfile  本地文件名称，username 远程主机用户名 hostip远程主机的ip地址

举例：scp  /var/log/httpd/access.log  root@192.168.1.115:/var/log/

把本地/var/log/httpd/下的access.log文件传到远程主机对应的/var/log/下面

3、sftp命令

sftp工具可以用来打开一次安全互动的ftp对话。与ftp类似，但是sftp使用安全加密的连接，一般语法为

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01. sftp username@hostname.com

02.  

03. [root@localhost .ssh]# sftp 192.168.254.153   sftp登陆，因为我交换了公钥，所以无需密码认证

04. Connecting to 192.168.254.153...

05. sftp> ls  ---------查看有哪些文件

06. Desktop                                                

07. anaconda-ks.cfg                                        

08. glibc-2.7-2.i386.rpm                                   

09. glibc-common-2.7-2.i386 .rpm                           

10. glibc-devel-2.7-2.i386.rpm                             

11. glibc-headers-2.7-2.i386.rpm                           

12. index.php                                              

13. install.log                                            

14. install.log.syslog                                     

15. jdk1.7.0                                               

16. mbox                                                   

17. my.cnf                                                 

18. phpMyAdmin-4.0.8-all-languages.tar.gz                  

19. sftp> get my.cnf           我随便下载了一个文件

20. Fetching /root/my.cnf to my.cnf   

21. /root/my.cnf          100% 4920     4.8KB/s   00:00   

22. sftp> quit

六、访问控制

/etc/host.allow和/etc/hosts.deny

这两个文件时控制远程访问设置的，通过该设置可以允许或者拒绝某个ip或者ip段访问linux的某项服务。

[root@localhost .ssh]# vi /etc/hosts.allow

sshd:192.168.0.*:allow  允许该网段访问

sshd:192.168.1.15:allow  允许该ip地址访问

[root@localhost .ssh]# vi /etc/hosts.deny

sshd:all:deny   -------表示拒绝所有的sshd远程连接

当/etc/hosts.deny 跟/etc/hosts.allow冲突时会以哪个为准？这里有个规则

首先检查hosts.allow文件，若找到相关的策略则允许访问，否则继续检查hosts.deny ，若找到相关的策略则拒绝访问；如果两个文件中都没有匹配的策略则允许访问；如果二者冲突时以hosts.allow为准。

注意：如果这两个文件配置修改了，必须要重启service xinetd服务才能生效