SQL中子查询的使用方法和示例（最全）

1. 由一个具体的需求，引入子查询

需求：谁的工资比Abel的高？

方式1：

SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

方式2：自连接

SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.salary > e1.salary 
AND e1.last_name = 'Abel';

方式3：子查询

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);

2. 称谓的规范：外查询（或主查询）、内查询（或子查询）

子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。 子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用 。

注意事项

子查询要包含在括号内 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询。

不推荐

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE  (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
) < salary;

3. 子查询的分类

角度1：从内查询返回的结果的条目数 单行子查询 vs 多行子查询
角度2：内查询是否被执行多次 相关子查询 vs 不相关子查询

比如：
相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息。
不相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息。

子查询的编写技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写 ② 从外往里写

4. 单行子查询

单行操作符： = != > >= < <=

题目：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 149
);

题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);

题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

题目：查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id。

#方式1：
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND employee_id <> 141;

#方式2：了解
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id) = (
SELECT manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)
AND employee_id <> 141;

题目：查询最低工资大于110号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 110
);

5. 多行子查询

多行子查询的操作符： IN ANY ALL SOME(同ANY)

IN:

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary IN
(SELECT   MIN(salary)
FROM     employees
GROUP BY department_id);

ANY / ALL:

题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
);

题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
);

题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id

#MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。
#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
FROM(
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) t_dept_avg_sal
);
#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(
SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)

6. 相关子查询

题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

#方式1：使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE department_id = e1.department_id
);

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal;

题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
) ASC;

#结论：在SELECT中，除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！

EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

#题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息

#方式1：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;
#方式2：子查询
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees
);
#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.manager_id
);

#题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

#方式1：
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE e.department_id IS NULL;
#方式2：
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id
);