动规-背包

1. 动态规划

以下关于动态规划的文字描述来源

动态规划之背包问题（一） 
作者：Hawstein 
出处：http://hawstein.com/posts/dp-knapsack.html

一切都要从一则故事说起。

话说有一哥们去森林里玩发现了一堆宝石，他数了数，一共有n个。 但他身上能装宝石的就只有一个背包，背包的容量为C。这哥们把n个宝石排成一排并编上号： 0,1,2,…,n-1。第i个宝石对应的体积和价值分别为V[i]和W[i] 。排好后这哥们开始思考： 背包总共也就只能装下体积为C的东西，那我要装下哪些宝石才能让我获得最大的利益呢？

OK，如果是你，你会怎么做？你斩钉截铁的说：动态规划啊！恭喜你，答对了。 那么让我们来看看，动态规划中最最最重要的两个概念： 状态和状态转移方程在这个问题中分别是什么。

我们要怎样去定义状态呢？这个状态总不能是凭空想象或是从天上掉下来的吧。 为了方便说明，让我们先实例化上面的问题。一般遇到n，你就果断地给n赋予一个很小的数， 比如n=3。然后设背包容量C=10，三个宝石的体积为5，4，3，对应的价值为20，10，12。 对于这个例子，我想智商大于0的人都知道正解应该是把体积为5和3的宝石装到背包里， 此时对应的价值是20+12=32。接下来，我们把第三个宝石拿走， 同时背包容量减去第三个宝石的体积（因为它是装入背包的宝石之一）， 于是问题的各参数变为：n=2，C=7，体积｛5，4｝，价值｛20，10｝。好了， 现在这个问题的解是什么？我想智商等于0的也解得出了：把体积为5的宝石放入背包 （然后剩下体积2，装不下第二个宝石，只能眼睁睁看着它溜走），此时价值为20。 这样一来，我们发现，n=3时，放入背包的是0号和2号宝石；当n=2时， 我们放入的是0号宝石。这并不是一个偶然，没错， 这就是传说中的“全局最优解包含局部最优解”（n=2是n=3情况的一个局部子问题）。 绕了那么大的圈子，你可能要问，这都哪跟哪啊？说好的状态呢？说好的状态转移方程呢？ 别急，它们已经呼之欲出了。

我们再把上面的例子理一下。当n=2时，我们要求的是前2个宝石， 装到体积为7的背包里能达到的最大价值；当n=3时，我们要求的是前3个宝石， 装到体积为10的背包里能达到的最大价值。有没有发现它们其实是一个句式！OK， 让我们形式化地表示一下它们， 定义d(i,j)为前i个宝石装到剩余体积为j的背包里能达到的最大价值。 那么上面两句话即为：d(2, 7)和d(3, 10)。这样看着真是爽多了， 而这两个看着很爽的符号就是我们要找的状态了。 即状态d(i,j)表示前i个宝石装到剩余体积为j的背包里能达到的最大价值。 上面那么多的文字，用一句话概括就是：根据子问题定义状态！你找到子问题， 状态也就浮出水面了。而我们最终要求解的最大价值即为d(n, C)：前n个宝石 （0,1,2…,n-1）装入剩余容量为C的背包中的最大价值。状态好不容易找到了， 状态转移方程呢？顾名思义，状态转移方程就是描述状态是怎么转移的方程（好废话！）。 那么回到例子，d(2, 7)和d(3, 10)是怎么转移的？来，我们来说说2号宝石 （记住宝石编号是从0开始的）。从d(2, 7)到d(3, 10)就隔了这个2号宝石。 它有两种情况，装或者不装入背包。如果装入，在面对前2个宝石时， 背包就只剩下体积7来装它们，而相应的要加上2号宝石的价值12， d(3, 10)=d(2, 10-3)+12=d(2, 7)+12；如果不装入，体积仍为10，价值自然不变了， d(3, 10)=d(2, 10)。记住，d(3, 10)表示的是前3个宝石装入到剩余体积为10 的背包里能达到的最大价值，既然是最大价值，就有d(3, 10)=max{ d(2, 10), d(2, 7)+12 }。好了，这条方程描述了状态d(i, j)的一些关系， 没错，它就是状态转移方程了。把它形式化一下： 

d(i,j)=max{d(i−1,j),d(i−1,j−V[i−1])+W[i−1]}

注意讨论前i个宝石装入背包的时候， 其实是在考查第i-1个宝石装不装入背包（因为宝石是从0开始编号的）。至此， 状态和状态转移方程都已经有了。

2. 贪心算法

如上述是一个 0-1 背包问题，即对一个宝石只能拿或不拿。还有一种是分数背包问题，即可以拿走宝石的一部分，因此可以优先拿走所有单位价值最高的宝石。故此处是一个贪心算法问题。

3. C++代码实现

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <vector></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <algorithm></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">using</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Good {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> num;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> weight;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> value;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">float</span> unit_value;
    Good(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> n, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> w, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> v) : num(n), weight(w), value(v) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (w == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>) unit_value = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>    unit_value = (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">float</span>)v / (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">float</span>)w;
    };
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Bag{

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 0-1背包问题：对一件物品拿或不拿得到最大价值</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> OneZeroBag(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span>goods, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> W) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> n = goods.size();
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// d[i][j] 表示在前 i 个（0 ~ i-1）宝石中，剩余体积为 j 能达到的最大价值</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> **d = New2DMat(n + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, W + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; i <= n; i++) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> j = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; j <= W; j++) {
                d[i][j] = (i == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>) ? <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> : d[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>][j]; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 0 个宝石价值为0</span>
                <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (i > <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> && j >= goods[i-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>].weight) {
                    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> q = d[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>][j - goods[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>].weight] + goods[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>].value; <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 拿第 i 个</span>
                    d[i][j] = max(d[i][j], q); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 根据价值选择拿或不拿</span>
                }
            }
        }
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"最大价值："</span> << d[n][W] << endl;
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 输出选择结果</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"所拿商品编号："</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> j = W;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = n; i > <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; i--) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (d[i][j] > d[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>][j]) {
                j -= goods[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>].weight;
                <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << goods[i - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>].num << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">" "</span>;
            }
        }
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << endl;
    }
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 分数背包问题：假设物品可以被分割</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> FractionalBag(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span> &goods, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> W) {
        SortGood(goods, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, goods.size() - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 按单位价值从高到低排序</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> m = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; i < goods.size(); i++) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> take_weight = min(goods[i].weight, W - m);
            <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"拿走商品 "</span><< goods[i].num<<<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">" 的重量是 "</span><< take_weight << endl;
            m += take_weight;
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (m == W)
                <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">break</span>;
        }
    }

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span>:
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> SortGood(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span> &goods, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> l, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> r) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (l >= r)
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> m = (l + r) / <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>;
        SortGood(goods, l, m);
        SortGood(goods, m + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, r);
        MergeAB(goods, l, m, r);
    };
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> MergeAB(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span> &goods, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> l, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> m, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> r) {
        <span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span>temp;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i, j, k;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (i = l; i <= m; i++)
            temp.push_back(goods[i]);
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (j = r; j > m; j--)
            temp.push_back(goods[j]);
        i = l, j = r;
        k = l;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">while</span> (i <= j) {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (temp[i].unit_value > temp[j].unit_value)
                goods[k++] = temp[i++];
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
                goods[k++] = temp[j--];
        }
    };
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>** New2DMat(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> row, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> col) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> **Mat = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>*[row];
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; i < row; i++)
            Mat[i] = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>[col];
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> Mat;
    }
};
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main()
{
    Good g1(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>);
    Good g2(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>);
    Good g3(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>);
    Good good_array[] = { g1, g2, g3 };
    <span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><Good></span> goods(good_array, good_array+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>);
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> W = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>;
    Bag bag;

    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"分数背包问题："</span> << endl;
    bag.FractionalBag(goods, W);

    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"0-1 背包问题（拿或不拿）："</span> << endl;
    bag.OneZeroBag(goods, W);
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">62</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">63</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">64</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">65</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">66</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">67</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">68</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">69</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">70</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">71</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">72</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">73</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">74</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">75</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">76</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">77</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">78</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">79</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">80</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">81</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">82</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">83</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">84</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">85</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">86</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">87</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">88</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">89</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">90</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">91</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">92</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">93</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">94</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">95</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">96</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">97</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">98</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">99</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">100</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">101</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">102</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">103</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">104</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">105</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">106</li></ul><div class="save_code tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_249" style="position: absolute; top: 5px; visibility: hidden; box-sizing: border-box; height: 60px; right: 30px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; z-index: 2;"><a target=_blank style="color: rgb(202, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/images/save_snippets.png" style="border: none; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%;" alt="" /></a></div><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">62</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">63</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">64</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">65</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">66</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">67</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">68</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">69</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">70</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">71</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">72</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">73</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">74</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">75</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">76</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">77</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">78</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">79</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">80</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">81</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">82</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">83</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">84</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">85</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">86</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">87</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">88</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">89</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">90</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">91</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">92</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">93</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">94</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">95</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">96</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">97</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">98</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">99</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">100</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">101</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">102</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">103</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">104</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">105</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">106</li></ul>

输出结果为：

<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">分数背包问题：
拿走商品 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> 的重量是 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>
拿走商品 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 的重量是 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>
拿走商品 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> 的重量是 <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 背包问题（拿或不拿）：
最大价值：<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span>
所拿商品编号：<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> 
[Finished <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.9</span>s]</code>