本文学习自《 The Swift Programming Language-swift2.0官方手册 中文版》的电子版
是记录自己的Swift学习历程、整理相关资料便于查看
对象和类
使用class和类名来创建一个类,类中属性的声明和常量、变量声明一样,唯一的区别就是它们的上下文是类。同理,函数和方法也一样
class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() ->String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
要创建一个类的实例,在类名后面加上括号。使用点语法在访问实例的属性和方法
var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
练习:使用let添加一个常量属性,再添加一个接收一个参数的方法
class Team {
let teamNumber = 4
func teamNumber (number:Int) ->String {
return "I have \(number) apples and \(teamNumber) oranges"
}
}
var team = Team()
var fruits = team.teamNumber(9)
这个版本的Shape类缺少了一些重要的东西:一个构造函数来初始化类实例。使用init来创建一个构造器
class NumberShape {
var numberOfSides :Int = 0
var name : String
init (name:String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() ->String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides"
}
}
var numberShape = NumberShape(name: "Unique")
print(numberShape.name)
numberShape.numberOfSides = 7
numberShape.simpleDescription()
注意self是用来区分实例变量。当创建实例的时候,像传入函数参数一样也需要给构造器传入参数
每个属性都需要赋值 – 无论是通过声明(就像numberOfSides)还是通过构造器(就像name)
如果你需要在删除对象之前进行一些清理工作,使用deinit创建一个析构函数
子类的定义方法是在它们的类名后面加上父类的名字,用冒号分割。创建类的时候不需要标准的根类,所以可以忽略父类
子类如果要重写父类方法的话,需要用override标记 – 如果没有添加override就重写父类方法的话编译器会报错,同样,编译器会检测override标记的方法是否在父类中
class Square: NumberShape {
var sideLength: Double
init(sideLength: Double,name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() ->Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)"
}
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
练习:创建NumberShape的另一个子类Circle,构造器接受两个参数,一个是半径一个是名字,在子类circle中实现area()和simpDescription()方法
class Circle: NumberShape {
var radius : Double
init (radius: Double,name: String) {
self.radius = radius
super.init(name: name)
}
func area() ->Double {
return M_PI * (radius * radius)
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "面积为 \(area())"
}
}
let circle = Circle(radius: 5, name: "半径")
circle.area()
circle.simpleDescription()
除了储存简单的属性之外,属性可以有getter和setter
class EquilaterlTriangle: NumberShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0
init(sideLength: Double,name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 3
}
var perimeter: Double {
get {
return 3.0 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 3.0
//在perimeter的setter中,新值叫做newValue ,等价于perimeter
}
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)"
}
}
//swift会为每一个属性生成一个get方法,一个set方法,如果没有写的情况下,当然如果你写了,那系统就会用你的 取值调用get 赋值调用set
var triangle = EquilaterlTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
print(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
print(triangle.sideLength)
注意:
EquilaterlTriangle类的构造器执行了三步:
1.设置子类声明的属性值
2.调用父类的构造器
3.改变父类定义的属性值,其他工作也在这一阶段完成,例如:调用方法、getter、setter
如果你不需要计算属性,但仍然需要在设置一个新值之前或之后运行,可以使用willset和didset
比如,下面的类确保三角形的边长总是和正方形的边长相同
class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle:EquilaterlTriangle{
willSet {
square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
var square: Square {
willSet {
triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
init(size: Double,name: String) {
square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
triangle = EquilaterlTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
}
}
var triangeAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
print(triangeAndSquare.square.sideLength)
print(triangeAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
triangeAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
print(triangeAndSquare.triangle.sideLength)
处理变量的可选值时,你可以在操作(方法、属性、子脚本)之前加?
如果?之前的值是nil,?后面的东西都会被忽略,并且整个表达式返回nil,否则,?之后的东西都会被运行
这两种情况下,整个表达式的值都是一个可选值
let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength