图解 Python 深拷贝和浅拷贝
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<div class="copyright-area">原文出处： <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/wilber2013/p/4645353.html">田小计划</a> </div><p>Python中，对象的赋值，拷贝（深/浅拷贝）之间是有差异的，如果使用的时候不注意，就可能产生意外的结果。</p>
下面本文就通过简单的例子介绍一下这些概念之间的差别。
对象赋值
直接看一段代码：
will = [“Will”, 28, [“Python”, “C#”, “JavaScript”]] wilber = will print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber] will[0] = “Wilber” will[2].append(“CSS”) print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber]
|
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will
=
[
“Will”
,
28
,
[
“Python”
,
“C#”
,
“JavaScript”
]
]
wilber
=
will
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
will
[
0
]
=
“Wilber”
will
[
2
]
.
append
(
“CSS”
)
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
|
代码的输出为：
下面来分析一下这段代码：
- 首先，创建了一个名为will的变量，这个变量指向一个list对象，从第一张图中可以看到所有对象的地址（每次运行，结果可能不同）
- 然后，通过will变量对wilber变量进行赋值，那么wilber变量将指向will变量对应的对象（内存地址），也就是说”wilber is will”，”wilber[i] is will[i]”
可以理解为，Python中，对象的赋值都是进行对象引用（内存地址）传递
- 第三张图中，由于will和wilber指向同一个对象，所以对will的任何修改都会体现在wilber上
这里需要注意的一点是，str是不可变类型，所以当修改的时候会替换旧的对象，产生一个新的地址39758496
浅拷贝
下面就来看看浅拷贝的结果：
import copy will = [“Will”, 28, [“Python”, “C#”, “JavaScript”]] wilber = copy.copy(will) print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber] will[0] = “Wilber” will[2].append(“CSS”) print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber]
|
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|
import
copy
will
=
[
“Will”
,
28
,
[
“Python”
,
“C#”
,
“JavaScript”
]
]
wilber
=
copy
.
copy
(
will
)
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
will
[
0
]
=
“Wilber”
will
[
2
]
.
append
(
“CSS”
)
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
|
代码结果为：
分析一下这段代码：
- 首先，依然使用一个will变量，指向一个list类型的对象
- 然后，通过copy模块里面的浅拷贝函数copy()，对will指向的对象进行浅拷贝，然后浅拷贝生成的新对象赋值给wilber变量
浅拷贝会创建一个新的对象，这个例子中”wilber is not will”
但是，对于对象中的元素，浅拷贝就只会使用原始元素的引用（内存地址），也就是说”wilber[i] is will[i]”
- 当对will进行修改的时候
由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型，所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象39758496
但是list的第三个元素是一个可不类型，修改操作不会产生新的对象，所以will的修改结果会相应的反应到wilber上
总结一下，当我们使用下面的操作的时候，会产生浅拷贝的效果：
- 使用切片[:]操作
- 使用工厂函数（如list/dir/set）
- 使用copy模块中的copy()函数
深拷贝
最后来看看深拷贝：
import copy will = [“Will”, 28, [“Python”, “C#”, “JavaScript”]] wilber = copy.deepcopy(will) print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber] will[0] = “Wilber” will[2].append(“CSS”) print id(will) print will print [id(ele) for ele in will] print id(wilber) print wilber print [id(ele) for ele in wilber]
|
1
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5
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7
8
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|
import
copy
will
=
[
“Will”
,
28
,
[
“Python”
,
“C#”
,
“JavaScript”
]
]
wilber
=
copy
.
deepcopy
(
will
)
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
will
[
0
]
=
“Wilber”
will
[
2
]
.
append
(
“CSS”
)
print
id
(
will
)
print
will
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
will
]
print
id
(
wilber
)
print
wilber
print
[
id
(
ele
)
for
ele
in
wilber
]
|
代码的结果为：
分析一下这段代码：
- 首先，同样使用一个will变量，指向一个list类型的对象
- 然后，通过copy模块里面的深拷贝函数deepcopy()，对will指向的对象进行深拷贝，然后深拷贝生成的新对象赋值给wilber变量
跟浅拷贝类似，深拷贝也会创建一个新的对象，这个例子中”wilber is not will”
但是，对于对象中的元素，深拷贝都会重新生成一份（有特殊情况，下面会说明），而不是简单的使用原始元素的引用（内存地址）
例子中will的第三个元素指向39737304，而wilber的第三个元素是一个全新的对象39773088，也就是说，”wilber[2] is not will[2]”
- 当对will进行修改的时候
由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型，所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象39758496
但是list的第三个元素是一个可不类型，修改操作不会产生新的对象，但是由于”wilber[2] is not will[2]”，所以will的修改不会影响wilber
拷贝的特殊情况
其实，对于拷贝有一些特殊情况：
- 对于非容器类型（如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象）没有拷贝这一说
也就是说，对于这些类型，”obj is copy.copy(obj)” 、”obj is copy.deepcopy(obj)”
- 如果元祖变量只包含原子类型对象，则不能深拷贝，看下面的例子
总结
本文介绍了对象的赋值和拷贝，以及它们之间的差异：
- Python中对象的赋值都是进行对象引用（内存地址）传递
- 使用copy.copy()，可以进行对象的浅拷贝，它复制了对象，但对于对象中的元素，依然使用原始的引用.
- 如果需要复制一个容器对象，以及它里面的所有元素（包含元素的子元素），可以使用copy.deepcopy()进行深拷贝
- 对于非容器类型（如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象）没有被拷贝一说
- 如果元祖变量只包含原子类型对象，则不能深拷贝，看下面的例子
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</p><p>如果元祖变量只包含原子类型对象，则不能深拷贝.</p>
这句纠正一下，不是说法不对，而是在文中放错位置了。
这样的情况下，浅拷贝和深拷贝结果一致，本身就符合浅拷贝和深拷贝的逻辑啊。
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