几个重要的设计模式

工厂方法

定义了一个创建对象的接口，但由子类决定要实例化哪个类。工厂方法把实例化操作推迟到子类。

public abstract class Factory {
    abstract public Product factoryMethod();
    public void doSomething() {
        Product product = factoryMethod();
        // do something with the product
    }
}
public class ConcreteFactory extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct();
    }
}
public class ConcreteFactory1 extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct1();
    }
}
public class ConcreteFactory2 extends Factory {
    public Product factoryMethod() {
        return new ConcreteProduct2();
    }
}

策略

定义一系列算法，封装每个算法，并使它们可以互换。策略模式可以让算法独立于使用它的客户端。

public interface QuackBehavior {
    void quack();
}
public class Quack implements QuackBehavior {
    @Override
    public void quack() {
        System.out.println("quack!");
    }
}
public class Squeak implements QuackBehavior{
    @Override
    public void quack() {
        System.out.println("squeak!");
    }
}
public class Duck {

    private QuackBehavior quackBehavior;

    public void performQuack() {
        if (quackBehavior != null) {
            quackBehavior.quack();
        }
    }

    public void setQuackBehavior(QuackBehavior quackBehavior) {
        this.quackBehavior = quackBehavior;
    }
}
public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Duck duck = new Duck();
        duck.setQuackBehavior(new Squeak());
        duck.performQuack();
        duck.setQuackBehavior(new Quack());
        duck.performQuack();
    }
}

适配器模式

把一个类接口转换成另一个用户需要的接口。

public interface Duck {
    void quack();
}
public interface Turkey {
    void gobble();
}
public class WildTurkey implements Turkey {
    @Override
    public void gobble() {
        System.out.println("gobble!");
    }
}
public class TurkeyAdapter implements Duck {
    Turkey turkey;

    public TurkeyAdapter(Turkey turkey) {
        this.turkey = turkey;
    }

    @Override
    public void quack() {
        turkey.gobble();
    }
}
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Turkey turkey = new WildTurkey();
        Duck duck = new TurkeyAdapter(turkey);
        duck.quack();
    }
}

包装

设计不同种类的饮料，饮料可以添加配料，比如可以添加牛奶，并且支持动态添加新配料。每增加一种配料，该饮料的价格就会增加，要求计算一种饮料的价格。

public interface Beverage {
    double cost();
}
public class DarkRoast implements Beverage {
    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1;
    }
}
public class HouseBlend implements Beverage {
    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1;
    }
}
public abstract class CondimentDecorator implements Beverage {
    protected Beverage beverage;
}
public class Milk extends CondimentDecorator {

    public Milk(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1 + beverage.cost();
    }
}
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {

    public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
        this.beverage = beverage;
    }

    @Override
    public double cost() {
        return 1 + beverage.cost();
    }
}
public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Beverage beverage = new HouseBlend();
        beverage = new Mocha(beverage);
        beverage = new Milk(beverage);
        System.out.println(beverage.cost());
    }
}

责任链  

使多个对象都有机会处理请求，从而避免请求的发送者和接收者之间的耦合关系。将这些对象连成一条链，并沿着这条链发送该请求，直到有一个对象处理它为止

public abstract class Handler {

    protected Handler successor;


    public Handler(Handler successor) {
        this.successor = successor;
    }


    protected abstract void handleRequest(Request request);
}
public class ConcreteHandler1 extends Handler {

    public ConcreteHandler1(Handler successor) {
        super(successor);
    }


    @Override
    protected void handleRequest(Request request) {
        if (request.getType() == RequestType.TYPE1) {
            System.out.println(request.getName() + " is handle by ConcreteHandler1");
            return;
        }
        if (successor != null) {
            successor.handleRequest(request);
        }
    }
}
public class ConcreteHandler2 extends Handler {

    public ConcreteHandler2(Handler successor) {
        super(successor);
    }


    @Override
    protected void handleRequest(Request request) {
        if (request.getType() == RequestType.TYPE2) {
            System.out.println(request.getName() + " is handle by ConcreteHandler2");
            return;
        }
        if (successor != null) {
            successor.handleRequest(request);
        }
    }
}
public class Request {

    private RequestType type;
    private String name;


    public Request(RequestType type, String name) {
        this.type = type;
        this.name = name;
    }


    public RequestType getType() {
        return type;
    }


    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
}
public enum RequestType {
    TYPE1, TYPE2
}
public class Client {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Handler handler1 = new ConcreteHandler1(null);
        Handler handler2 = new ConcreteHandler2(handler1);

        Request request1 = new Request(RequestType.TYPE1, "request1");
        handler2.handleRequest(request1);

        Request request2 = new Request(RequestType.TYPE2, "request2");
        handler2.handleRequest(request2);
    }
}
request1 is handle by ConcreteHandler1
request2 is handle by ConcreteHandler2

观察者

定义对象之间的一对多依赖，当一个对象状态改变时，它的所有依赖都会收到通知并且自动更新状态。主题（Subject）是被观察的对象，而其所有依赖者（Observer）称为观察者。

public interface Subject {
    void registerObserver(Observer o);

    void removeObserver(Observer o);

    void notifyObserver();
}
public class WeatherData implements Subject {
    private List<Observer> observers;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {
        observers = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
        this.temperature = temperature;
        this.humidity = humidity;
        this.pressure = pressure;
        notifyObserver();
    }

    @Override
    public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.add(o);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
        int i = observers.indexOf(o);
        if (i >= 0) {
            observers.remove(i);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyObserver() {
        for (Observer o : observers) {
            o.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
        }
    }
}
public interface Observer {
    void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}
public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer {

    public StatisticsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
        weatherData.reisterObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
        System.out.println("StatisticsDisplay.update: " + temp + " " + humidity + " " + pressure);
    }
}
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer {

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
        weatherData.registerObserver(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
        System.out.println("CurrentConditionsDisplay.update: " + temp + " " + humidity + " " + pressure);
    }
}
public class WeatherStation {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
        CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditionsDisplay = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
        StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);

        weatherData.setMeasurements(0, 0, 0);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(1, 1, 1);
    }
}
CurrentConditionsDisplay.update: 0.0 0.0 0.0
StatisticsDisplay.update: 0.0 0.0 0.0
CurrentConditionsDisplay.update: 1.0 1.0 1.0
StatisticsDisplay.update: 1.0 1.0 1.0