概念
红黑树是一种自平衡二叉查找树，是在计算机科学中用到的一种数据结构，典型的用途是实现关联数组。它是在1972年由Rudolf Bayer发明的，他称之为"对称二叉B树"，它现代的名字是在Leo J. Guibas 和 Robert Sedgewick 于1978年写的一篇论文中获得的。它是复杂的，但它的操作有着良好的最坏情况运行时间，并且在实践中是高效的: 它可以在O(log n)时间内做查找，插入和删除，这里的n 是树中元素的数目。
红黑树是一种很有意思的平衡检索树。它的统计性能要好于平衡二叉树(有些书籍根据作者姓名，Adelson-Velskii和Landis，将其称为AVL-树)，因此，红黑树在很多地方都有应用。在C++ STL中，很多部分(目前包括set,multiset, map, multimap)应用了红黑树的变体(SGI STL中的红黑树有一些变化，这些修改提供了更好的性能，以及对set操作的支持)。
性质
红黑树是每个节点都带有颜色属性的二叉查找树，颜色或红色或黑色。在二叉查找树强制一般要求以外，对于任何有效的红黑树我们增加了如下的额外要求:
性质1. 节点是红色或黑色。
性质2. 根是黑色。
性质3. 所有叶子都是黑色（叶子是NIL节点）。
性质4. 每个红色节点的两个子节点都是黑色。(从每个叶子到根的所有路径上不能有两个连续的红色节点)
性质5. 从任一节点到其每个叶子的所有路径都包含相同数目的黑色节点。
这些约束强制了红黑树的关键性质: 从根到叶子的最长的可能路径不多于最短的可能路径的两倍长。结果是这个树大致上是平衡的。因为操作比如插入、删除和查找某个值的最坏情况时间都要求与树的高度成比例，这个在高度上的理论上限允许红黑树在最坏情况下都是高效的，而不同于普通的二叉查找树。
要知道为什么这些特性确保了这个结果，注意到属性4导致了路径不能有两个毗连的红色节点就足够了。最短的可能路径都是黑色节点，最长的可能路径有交替的红色和黑色节点。因为根据属性5所有最长的路径都有相同数目的黑色节点，这就表明了没有路径能多于任何其他路径的两倍长。
一种红黑树的实现方法：
/**
* 红黑树的实现
**/
public class RBTreeTest<E extends Comparable<E>> {
static enum Color {
BLACK, RED
}
static class RBPrinter {
public static void visitNode(RBNodenode) {
RBNode n =node;
if (n !=null)
System.out.print(n.key + "("
+ (n.color == Color.RED ? "RED" : "BLACK")
+ "),");
}
}
static class RBNode<E extendsComparable<E>> {
E key;
RBNode<E>left, right;
RBNode<E>parent;
Color color;
RBNode(RBNode<E> p, E key, Color color) {
this.key =key;
this.color =color;
this.parent= p;
this.left =null;
this.right =null;
}
}
private RBNode<E> root;
public RBTreeTest() {
root = null;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return root == null;
}
public E findMax() {
if (isEmpty())
return null;
RBNode<E> node = root;
while ((node.right) != null) {
node =node.right;
}
return node.key;
}
public E findMin() {
if (isEmpty())
return null;
RBNode<E> node = root;
while ((node.left) != null) {
node =node.left;
}
return node.key;
}
public final boolean contains(E ele) {
RBNode<E> tmp = root;
int cmp = -1;
while (tmp != null) {
cmp =ele.compareTo(tmp.key);
if (cmp <0) {
tmp = tmp.left;
} else if(cmp > 0) {
tmp = tmp.right;
} else {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public final boolean delete(E ele) {
RBNode<E> cur;
int cmp;
if (root == null)
returnfalse;
cur = root;
while (cur != null && (cmp =ele.compareTo(cur.key)) != 0) {
if (cmp <0)
cur = cur.left;
else
cur = cur.right;
}
if (cur == null) {
returnfalse;
}
if ((cur.left) != null &&(cur.right) != null) {
RBNode<E> prev = cur.left;
while((prev.right) != null) {
prev = prev.right;
}
cur.key =prev.key;
cur = prev;
}
if ((cur.left) != null) {
if (cur ==root) {
root = cur.left;
root.color = Color.BLACK;
return true;
}
if(cur.parent.left == cur) {
cur.parent.left = cur.left;
cur.left.parent = cur.parent;
} else {
cur.parent.right = cur.left;
cur.left.parent = cur.parent;
}
if(cur.color == Color.BLACK) {
cur.left.color = Color.BLACK;
}
} else if ((cur.right) != null) {
if (cur ==root) {
root = cur.right;
root.color = Color.BLACK;
return true;
}
if(cur.parent.left == cur) {
cur.parent.left = cur.right;
cur.right.parent = cur.parent;
} else {
cur.parent.right = cur.right;
cur.right.parent = cur.parent;
}
if(cur.color == Color.BLACK) {
cur.right.color = Color.BLACK;
}
} else {
if (cur ==root) {
root = null;
return true;
}
RBNode<E> todo;
if(cur.parent.left == cur) {
todo = null;
cur.parent.left = todo;
} else {
todo = null;
cur.parent.right = todo;
}
if(cur.color == Color.BLACK) {
fixupDoubleBlack(todo);
}
}
return true;
}
private final voidfixupDoubleBlack(RBNode<E> cur) {
RBNode<E> sibling;
RBNode<E> p;
while (cur !=root) {
p =cur.parent;
if (p.left== cur) {
sibling = p.right;
if (sibling.color == Color.RED) {
rotateLeft(p);
p.color = Color.RED;
sibling.color = Color.BLACK;
} else {
if (sibling.right.color == Color.RED) {
rotateLeft(p);
p.color = Color.BLACK;
sibling.right.color = Color.BLACK;
return;
} else if (sibling.left.color == Color.RED) {
rotateRight(sibling);
sibling.color = Color.RED;
sibling.parent.color = Color.BLACK;
} else {
sibling.color = Color.RED;
if (p.color == Color.BLACK) {
cur = p;
} else {
p.color = Color.BLACK;
return;
}
}
}
} else {
sibling = p.left;
if (sibling.color == Color.RED) {
rotateRight(p);
p.color = Color.RED;
sibling.color = Color.BLACK;
} else {
if (sibling.left.color == Color.RED) {
rotateRight(p);
sibling.color = p.color;
p.color = Color.BLACK;
sibling.left.color = Color.BLACK;
return;
} else if (sibling.right.color == Color.RED) {
rotateLeft(sibling);
sibling.color = Color.RED;
sibling.parent.color = Color.BLACK;
} else {
sibling.color = Color.RED;
if (p.color == Color.BLACK) {
cur = p;
} else {
p.color = Color.BLACK;
return;
}
}
}
}
}
}
public final void insert(E ele) {
if (root == null) { // 添加根节点
root = newRBNode<E>(null, ele, Color.BLACK);
return;
} else { //将该节点添加到合适的叶子节点的位置
RBNode<E> parent = null;
RBNode<E> cur = root;
int cmp =-1;
while (cur!= null && (cmp = ele.compareTo(cur.key)) != 0) {
parent = cur;
if (cmp < 0)
cur = cur.left;
else
cur = cur.right;
}
if (cmp ==0) { // 不能添加相同的元素
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"can't insert duplicate key!");
}
cur = newRBNode<E>(parent, ele, Color.RED);
if (cmp <0) { // 添加为左孩子
parent.left = cur;
} else { // 添加为右孩子
parent.right = cur;
}
insertFixup(cur); // 调整各个节点
}
}
private final voidinsertFixup(RBNode<E> cur) {
RBNode<E> p, g;
while (cur != root &&cur.color == Color.RED) {
p =cur.parent;
if (p.color== Color.BLACK) {
return;
}
g =p.parent;
if (p ==g.left) { // p是g的左子树
RBNode<E> uncle = g.right;
if (uncle != null && uncle.color == Color.RED) {
g.color = Color.RED;
uncle.color = p.color = Color.BLACK;
cur = g;
} else {
if (cur == p.right) {
cur = rotateLeft(p);
cur = cur.left;
}
cur = rotateRight(g);
cur.color = Color.BLACK;
cur.left.color = cur.right.color = Color.RED;
}
} else { // p是g的右子树
RBNode<E> uncle = g.left;
if (uncle != null && uncle.color == Color.RED) {
g.color = Color.RED;
uncle.color = p.color = Color.BLACK;
cur = g;
} else {
if (cur == p.left) {
cur = rotateRight(p);
cur = cur.right;
}
cur = rotateLeft(g);
cur.color = Color.BLACK;
cur.left.color = cur.right.color = Color.RED;
}
}
}
root.color = Color.BLACK;
}
/*
* gr gr gr
* / / /
* p ch
* / \ => p ch => /\ ch绕着父节点p左旋（即将父节点p和它的右孩子转换角色）
* 1 ch / \ p 3
* / \ 1 2 3 / \
* 2 3 1 2
*/
private final RBNode<E> rotateLeft(RBNode<E> p){
RBNode<E> gr =p.parent;//grandfather
RBNode<E> ch =p.right; //children
p.right = ch.left;
if (ch.left != null) {
ch.left.parent = p;
}
ch.left = p;
p.parent = ch;
if (gr != null) { //p不是root节点
if (gr.left== p) //如果p是gr的左孩子
gr.left = ch;
else //p是gr的右孩子
gr.right = ch;
} else{ //p是root节点
root = ch;
}
ch.parent = gr;
return ch;
}
/*
* gr gr gr
* / / /
* p ch
* / \ => ch p => /\ ch绕着父节点p右旋（即将父节点p和它的左孩子转换角色）
* ch 3 / \ 1 p
* /\ 1 2 3 / \
* 1 2 2 3
*/
private final RBNode<E>rotateRight(RBNode<E> p) {
RBNode<E> gr = p.parent;
RBNode<E> ch = p.left;
p.left = ch.right;
if (ch.right != null) {
ch.right.parent = p;
}
ch.right = p;
p.parent = ch;
if (gr != null) {
if (gr.left== p)
gr.left = ch;
else
gr.right = ch;
} else {
root = ch;
}
ch.parent = gr;
return ch;
}
public void inOrder(){
inOrder(root);
}
private void inOrder(RBNode<E> cur) {
if(cur != null){
inOrder(cur.left);
RBPrinter.visitNode(cur);
inOrder(cur.right);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
java.util.Random ran = newjava.util.Random();
RBTreeTest<Integer> rbt = newRBTreeTest<Integer>();
int tmp = 0;
for(int i=0;i<15;i++){
tmp =ran.nextInt(1000);
try{
rbt.insert(tmp);
} catch(IllegalArgumentException e){
do{
tmp = ran.nextInt(1000);
}while(rbt.contains(tmp));
rbt.insert(tmp);
}
System.out.println(tmp);
}
System.out.print("\nInorderbegin:\n");
rbt.inOrder();
System.out.print("\nInorderend\n");
rbt.delete(tmp);
System.out.print("\nInorderbegin:\n");
rbt.inOrder();
System.out.print("\nInorderend\n");
}
}
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