Java并发编程实战(6)

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性能与可伸缩性

可伸缩性

当增加计算资源时(CPU、内存、存储容量或I/O带宽)，程序的吞吐量或者处理能力能响应地增加

减少锁的竞争

• 减少锁的持有时间
• 降低锁的请求频率
• 使用带有协调机制的独占锁，这些机制允许更高的并发性

缩小锁的范围

@ThreadSafe
public class AttributeStore {
    @GuardedBy("this") private final Map<String, String>
            attributes = new HashMap<String, String>();

    public synchronized boolean userLocationMatches(String name,
                                                    String regexp) {
        String key = "users." + name + ".location";
        String location = attributes.get(key);
        if (location == null)
            return false;
        else
            return Pattern.matches(regexp, location);
    }
}

改善后

@ThreadSafe
public class BetterAttributeStore {
    @GuardedBy("this") private final Map<String, String>
            attributes = new HashMap<String, String>();

    public boolean userLocationMatches(String name, String regexp) {
        String key = "users." + name + ".location";
        String location;
        synchronized (this) {
            location = attributes.get(key);
        }
        if (location == null)
            return false;
        else
            return Pattern.matches(regexp, location);
    }
}

尽管缩小同步代码块能提高可伸缩性，但同步代码块也不能过小——一些需要采用原子方式执行的操作(例如对某个不变性条件中的多个变量进行更新)必须包含在一个同步块中。

锁分解

@ThreadSafe
public class ServerStatusBeforeSplit {
    @GuardedBy("this") public final Set<String> users;
    @GuardedBy("this") public final Set<String> queries;

    public ServerStatusBeforeSplit() {
        users = new HashSet<String>();
        queries = new HashSet<String>();
    }

    public synchronized void addUser(String u) {
        users.add(u);
    }

    public synchronized void addQuery(String q) {
        queries.add(q);
    }

    public synchronized void removeUser(String u) {
        users.remove(u);
    }

    public synchronized void removeQuery(String q) {
        queries.remove(q);
    }
}

将多个线程争夺同一个全局锁，改成将这个锁的请求分布到更多的锁上，可有效地降低竞争程度

改良后：

@ThreadSafe
public class ServerStatusAfterSplit {
    @GuardedBy("users") public final Set<String> users;
    @GuardedBy("queries") public final Set<String> queries;

    public ServerStatusAfterSplit() {
        users = new HashSet<String>();
        queries = new HashSet<String>();
    }

    public void addUser(String u) {
        synchronized (users) {
            users.add(u);
        }
    }

    public void addQuery(String q) {
        synchronized (queries) {
            queries.add(q);
        }
    }

    public void removeUser(String u) {
        synchronized (users) {
            users.remove(u);
        }
    }

    public void removeQuery(String q) {
        synchronized (users) {
            queries.remove(q);
        }
    }
}

锁分段

@ThreadSafe
public class StripedMap {
    // Synchronization policy: buckets[n] guarded by locks[n%N_LOCKS]
    private static final int N_LOCKS = 16;
    private final Node[] buckets;
    private final Object[] locks;

    private static class Node {
        Node next;
        Object key;
        Object value;
    }

    public StripedMap(int numBuckets) {
        buckets = new Node[numBuckets];
        locks = new Object[N_LOCKS];
        for (int i = 0; i < N_LOCKS; i++)
            locks[i] = new Object();
    }

    private final int hash(Object key) {
        return Math.abs(key.hashCode() % buckets.length);
    }

    public Object get(Object key) {
        int hash = hash(key);
        synchronized (locks[hash % N_LOCKS]) {
            for (Node m = buckets[hash]; m != null; m = m.next)
                if (m.key.equals(key))
                    return m.value;
        }
        return null;
    }

    public void clear() {
        for (int i = 0; i < buckets.length; i++) {
            synchronized (locks[i % N_LOCKS]) {
                buckets[i] = null;
            }
        }
    }
}

在StripedMap实现中使用了一个包含16个锁的数组，每个锁保护锁保护所有散列桶的1/16，其中第N个散列桶由第(N mod 16)个锁来保护。

并发程序的测试

贴几段代码吧，这章没什么记的

@ThreadSafe
public class SemaphoreBoundedBuffer <E> {
    private final Semaphore availableItems, availableSpaces;
    @GuardedBy("this") private final E[] items;
    @GuardedBy("this") private int putPosition = 0, takePosition = 0;

    public SemaphoreBoundedBuffer(int capacity) {
        if (capacity <= 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        availableItems = new Semaphore(0);
        availableSpaces = new Semaphore(capacity);
        items = (E[]) new Object[capacity];
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return availableItems.availablePermits() == 0;
    }

    public boolean isFull() {
        return availableSpaces.availablePermits() == 0;
    }

    public void put(E x) throws InterruptedException {
        availableSpaces.acquire();
        doInsert(x);
        availableItems.release();
    }

    public E take() throws InterruptedException {
        availableItems.acquire();
        E item = doExtract();
        availableSpaces.release();
        return item;
    }

    private synchronized void doInsert(E x) {
        int i = putPosition;
        items[i] = x;
        putPosition = (++i == items.length) ? 0 : i;
    }

    private synchronized E doExtract() {
        int i = takePosition;
        E x = items[i];
        items[i] = null;
        takePosition = (++i == items.length) ? 0 : i;
        return x;
    }
}

开发人员会尝试使用Thread.getState来验证线程能否在一个条件等待上阻塞，但这种方法并不可靠。被阻塞线程并不需要进入WAITING或TIMED WAITING等状态，因此JVM可以选择通过自旋等待来实现阻塞。类似地，由于在Object.wait或Condition.await等方法上存在伪唤醒，因此，即使一个线程等待的条件尚未成真，也可能从WAITING或TIMED WAITING等状态临时转换到RUNNABLE状态。

public class PutTakeTest extends TestCase {
    protected static final ExecutorService pool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
    protected CyclicBarrier barrier;
    protected final SemaphoreBoundedBuffer<Integer> bb;
    protected final int nTrials, nPairs;
    protected final AtomicInteger putSum = new AtomicInteger(0);
    protected final AtomicInteger takeSum = new AtomicInteger(0);

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        new PutTakeTest(10, 10, 100000).test(); // sample parameters
        pool.shutdown();
    }

    public PutTakeTest(int capacity, int npairs, int ntrials) {
        this.bb = new SemaphoreBoundedBuffer<Integer>(capacity);
        this.nTrials = ntrials;
        this.nPairs = npairs;
        this.barrier = new CyclicBarrier(npairs * 2 + 1);
    }

    void test() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < nPairs; i++) {
                pool.execute(new Producer());
                pool.execute(new Consumer());
            }
			// A
            barrier.await(); // wait for all threads to be ready
            // B
            barrier.await(); // wait for all threads to finish
            assertEquals(putSum.get(), takeSum.get());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    static int xorShift(int y) {
        y ^= (y << 6);
        y ^= (y >>> 21);
        y ^= (y << 7);
        return y;
    }

    class Producer implements Runnable {
        public void run() {
            try {
                int seed = (this.hashCode() ^ (int) System.nanoTime());
                int sum = 0;
                // AA
                barrier.await();
                for (int i = nTrials; i > 0; --i) {
                    bb.put(seed);
                    sum += seed;
                    seed = xorShift(seed);
                }
                putSum.getAndAdd(sum);
                // BA
                barrier.await();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }
    }

    class Consumer implements Runnable {
        public void run() {
            try {
            	// AB
                barrier.await();
                int sum = 0;
                for (int i = nTrials; i > 0; --i) {
                    sum += bb.take();
                }
                takeSum.getAndAdd(sum);
                // BB
                barrier.await();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
        }
    }
}

总栅栏21个
第一次栅栏打开
A + AA + AB
第二次栅栏打开
B + BA + BB