什么是计算机网络
网络编程的目的:
传播和交流信息,数据交换,通信
想要达到这个效果需要什么:
- 如何准确的定位网络上的一台主机 192.168.16.124:端口,定位到这个计算机上的某个资源。
- 找到了这个主机,如何传输数据呢?
javaweb:网页编程 架构:B/S
网络编程:TCP/IP 架构: C/S
1.2、网络通信的要素
人工智能:智能汽车,主要用作于,工厂,人少的地方
如何实现网络的通信?
- 双方的通信地址:
- ip
- 端口号
例如:192.168.16.124:5900
- 规则:网络通信的协议
常见的网络协议有:http,ftp,smtp,tcp,udp…
TCP/IP参考模型:
小结:
-
网络编程中有两个主要的问题:
- 如何准确的定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机(ping + 网址)
- 找到主机之后如何进行通信
-
网络编程中的要素
- IP和端口号 ip类
- 网络通信协议 udp,tcp类
3JAVA中万物皆对象
1.3、IP
IP地址:InetAddress
- 唯一定位一台网络上计算机
- 127.0.0.1:本机Iocalhost
ip地址的分类(查看本机IP命令:ipconfig)
- ip版本分类:IPV4/IPV6
- IPV4:127.0.0.1 4个字节组成,长度:0~255,共有约42亿个(30亿个在北美,4亿在亚洲),2011年已经用尽。
- IPV6:2409:8a28:7828:9710:e1dc:da23:b440:24af 128位,8个无符号整数!abcde
- 公网(供互联网使用)/私网(供局域网)
- 192.168.xx.xx专门给组织内部使用的
- ABCD类地址
- 域名:记忆ip问题
调用ip相关方法
package com.wu.lesson01;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本机地址的三种方法
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress4);
//查询网站地址
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress2);
//常用方法(了解即可)
// System.out.println(inetAddress2.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName());//获得规范名字
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress());//获得主机名字,ip
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName());//域名,或者自己电脑的名字
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.4、端口Port
端口表示计算机计算机上的一个程序的进程(任务管理器里面的PID指的就是端口)
-
不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!
-
电脑规定可以跑0~65535个程序
-
端口协议分为:TCP和UDP,单个协议下不允许端口号一样
-
端口分类
- 共有端口:0~1023(不建议使用此范围的端口,一般为内置进程和服务器使用)
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
-
程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配给用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
-
动态、私有:4915~65535(用户不建议使用)
常用的Dos命令
netstat -ano #查看本机所以端口
netstat -ano|findstr "" #查看指定的端口“”中输入关键字
tasklist|findstr "" #查看指定端口的进程
如何用java查询端口相关操作?
package com.wu.lesson01;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TestInetSocketAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress2);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName());//地址
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort());//端口
}
}
1.5、通信协议
协议:约定,就比如我们现在说的普通话,它是一种建立交流的方式。
网络通信协议:速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制…
问题:非常的复杂
大事化小:分层
TCP/IP/协议簇(重要):这是一组协议
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名的协议:
- TCP协议
- IP:互联网协议
TCP和UDP对比
TCP:打电话
-
连接,稳定
-
三次握手,四次招手
//至少需要三次,才能保证连接 A:你瞅啥? B:瞅你咋地? A:干一场! A:我要走了! B:你真的要走了吗? B:你真的要走了吗? A:我真的要走了
-
客户端,服务端
-
传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端,服务端:没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
- DDOS:洪水冲击!(饱和攻击)
1.6、TCP实现聊天
TCP
客户端
- 通过Socket连接服务器
- 发送消息
package com.wu.lesson01.lesson02;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//提高作用域
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址,端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP,port);
//3.发送消息 I/O流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,欢迎加入牛二集团".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if (os!=null){
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务端
- 建立服务的端口。通过ServerSocket
- 等待用户的连接。通过accept
- 接收用户的消息
package com.wu.lesson01.lesson02;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//提高作用域
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.我得有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
while (true){
//2.等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if (baos!=null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is!=null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket!=null){
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
1.7、TCP文件上传实现
客户端
package com.wu.lesson01.lesson02;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1、创建一个Socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2、创建一个输出流
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3、读取文件
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("Demo.jpg"));
//4、写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器,我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput();//我已经传输完了
//确定服务器接收完毕才能断开连接
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[2014];
int len2;
while ((len2=inputStream.read(buffer2))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//5、关闭资源
baos.close();
inputStream.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
服务端
package com.wu.lesson01.lesson02;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
//1、创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端我接收完毕
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());
//关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
UDP信息发送
发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址!!!
发送端
package com.Demo_01;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个Socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg = "你好,服务器!";
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//数据,数据的长度起始,要发给谁
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(),0,msg.getBytes().length,localhost,port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
package com.Demo_01;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
//还要等待客户端的链接
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//开放端
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);//接收
socket.receive(packet);//堵塞接收
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
UDP聊天实现
循环发送消息
package com.Demo_01;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
//发送端
public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
//准备数据:控制台读取,即System.in
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (true){//循环事件
String data = reader.readLine();//读取当前行
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();//转换为数据
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",666));//参数需要一个数据
socket.send(packet);//发送
if (data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();//关闭
}
}
循环接收消息
package com.Demo_01;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
//接收端
public class UdpReceiveDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true){
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接,byte,读数据
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data,0,data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
UDP多线程在线咨询
TalkReceive
package com.Demo_01;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String masgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port,String masgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.masgFrom = masgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
//断开连接,byte,读数据
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data,0,data.length);
System.out.println(masgFrom +" :"+receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
TalkSend
package com.Demo_01;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toport;
public TalkSend(int fromIP, String toIP, int toport) {
this.fromPort = fromIP;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toport = toport;
try{
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){//循环事件
try {
String data = reader.readLine();//读取当前行
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();//转换为数据
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toport));//参数需要一个数据
socket.send(packet);//发送
if (data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();//关闭
}
}
TalkStudent
package com.Demo_01;
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
}
}
TalkTeacher
package com.Demo_01;
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(999,"学生")).start();
}
}
URL
URL:统一资源定位符,定义互联网上的某一个资源
DNS:域名解析
URL常见书写格式: 协议 : / / ip地址 : 端口 / 项目名 / 资源
URL常用方法
package Demo;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
public class URLDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws MalformedURLException {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.jsp?username=niuer&password=123");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol());//获得协议名
System.out.println(url.getHost());//获得主机/IP
System.out.println(url.getPort());//获得端口号
System.out.println(url.getPath());//获得文件地址
System.out.println(url.getFile());//获得文件全路径
System.out.println(url.getQuery());//获得查询的名字,参数
}
}
案例:下载网易云《篝火旁(再启程)》这首歌曲
package Demo;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
public class URLDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL("https://m701.music.126.net/20210826225624/1d00bbf688cbda926f4699b6cc65a89f/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/10360383437/44a2/b333/8d49/2df9082fa1a7dcc6ef6e76a21612e00f.m4a");
//2.连接到这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
//下载
InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("f.m4a");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);//写出这个数据
}
//关闭资源
fos.close();
inputStream.close();
urlConnection.disconnect();//断开连接
}
}