int、string 类型相互转换

一、 类型名获取

typeinfo库中，有工具函数typeid().name()，可以用来返回变量的数据类型：
（可不添加库函数typeinfo）
Example:

#include<iostream>  
#include <typeinfo>  
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	int a = 7;
	long b = 123456;
	long long c = 111222333444555;
	unsigned int d = 45;
	unsigned long e = 654321;
	unsigned long long f = 555444333222111;
	float g = 3.14;
	double h = 1.415649363;
	long double i = 234.7264182536;
	string j = "string";

	cout << typeid(a).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(b).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(c).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(d).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(e).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(f).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(g).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(h).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(i).name() << endl;
	cout << typeid(j).name() << endl;
}

Output:

int
long
__int64
unsigned int
unsigned long
unsigned __int64
float
double
long double
class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> >

二、 int 转 string

string库函数中函数to_string，支持多种数据类型转换为string类：
string to_string (int value);
string to_string (long value);
string to_string (long long value);
string to_string (unsigned value);
string to_string (unsigned long value);
string to_string (unsigned long long value);
string to_string (float value);
string to_string (double value);
string to_string (long double value);

Example：

#include<iostream>  
#include <typeinfo>  
#include <string> 
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
	int a = 7;
	float b = 3.14;
	double c = 1.415649363;
	string a_str = to_string(a);
	string b_str = to_string(b);
	string c_str = to_string(c);
	
	cout << "a:  from  " << typeid(a).name() << "  to  " << typeid(a_str).name() << endl;
	cout << "b:  from  " << typeid(b).name() << "  to  " << typeid(b_str).name() << endl;
	cout << "c:  from  " << typeid(c).name() << "  to  " << typeid(c_str).name() << endl;
}

Output:

a: from int to class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class
std::allocator<char> >
b: from float to class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,clas
s std::allocator<char> >
c: from double to class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,cla
ss std::allocator<char> >

三、 string 转 int

3.1 string库中stoi函数
int stoi (string str);
float stof(string str);
long stol(string str);
long long stoll(string str);

Example:

#include <iostream>   
#include <string>     
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	string str_binary = "101001";
	string str_octal = "54362";
	string str_decimal = "65536";
	string str_hexadecimal = "5ca2";
	string str_auto = "0x432";

	int int_binary = std::stoi(str_binary, nullptr, 2);
	int int_octal = std::stoi(str_octal, nullptr, 8);
	int int_decimal = std::stoi(str_decimal, nullptr, 10);
	int int_hexadecimal = std::stoi(str_hexadecimal, nullptr, 16);
	int int_auto = std::stoi(str_auto, nullptr, 0);

	cout << "int_binary:  " << int_binary << endl;
	cout << "int_octal:  " << int_octal << endl;
	cout << "int_decimal:  " << int_decimal << endl;
	cout << "int_hexadecimal:  " << int_hexadecimal << endl;
	cout << "int_auto:  " << int_auto << endl;
}

Output:

int_binary:  41
int_octal:  22770
int_decimal:  65536
int_hexadecimal:  23714
int_auto:  1074

Attention:
十进制：由0至9的数字组成 没有前缀，不能以0开始。
八进制：以0为前缀，其后由0至7的数字组成 。
十六进制：以0x或0X为前缀，其后由0至9的数和A到F（大小写均可）字母组成。
二进制：C++是不直接支持二进制的，可以用bitset表示，具体参考bitset的使用。

3.2 标准库中atoi函数
Example:

#include <iostream>    
#include <typeinfo>  
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	string s = "51426";
	int value = atoi(s.c_str());

	cout << "s:  " << typeid(s).name() << endl;
	cout << "value:  " << typeid(value).name() << endl;
	system("pause");
}

Output:

s:  class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<
char> >
value:  int

对含有字母的字符串进行atoi转换，需要当心

string str1 = "12345";
string str2 = "abcde"
string str3 = "123abc";
string str4 = "abc123"

cout << atoi(str1.c_str()) << endl;                //   12345
cout << atoi(str2.c_str()) << endl;                //   0
cout << atoi(str3.c_str()) << endl;                //   123
cout << atoi(str4.c_str()) << endl;                //   0