英语语法笔记——特殊句型（六）

倒装

全部倒装

为什么会有倒装？

1. 突出强调
2. 主语太复杂往后面放

什么是全部倒装？

谓语动词跑到主语前

On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.

怎么判断是倒装？

找到谓语，看下面的主语是否为 介词 或 副词 等 这种不能作主语的成分，如果是，则是倒装

There be 句型（必会）

There be + n. + [介词短语]

There is a girl.

客观存在，不是拥有

There is a book on the table.

There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals 

主语在前面，根据主语判断是 is 还是 are

be 可以是 was， were， has be， have be，must be，may be

部分倒装

什么是部分倒装？

主语的一部分移动到谓语前面

怎么样写一个部分倒装？

相当于写一个疑问句, 将谓语的部分成分提前的主语前面

1. 否定副词或词组谓语句首

it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations before…

步骤

1. has 提前，相当于写个疑问句

2. never before 词组提前

never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations.

部分倒装也是强调的意思

使用步骤

They developed not only such a device…

Not only did they develop such a device…

2. only 提前

They will be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster only then.

1. 把 only 和 only 所带的词提前
2. 写个疑问句的方式

Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

And scholars have examined history from the bottom up only over the past 30 years.

And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.

3. 虚拟条件省略if后倒装

But if Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

1. 省略 if
2. 写个疑问句

But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.

强调句

什么是强调句？

将一个普通的完整的句子拆分出需要强调的部分，放中间，其余的放后面

结构

It is ...(强调的部分) that ...（句子的剩余部分）

如果是强调人或者过去

It is/was ... that/who ...

we hear the more honest argument only in recent years。

比如我们需要强调 only in recent years，那就放到 is that 之间，剩下的部分放到 that

It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument.

It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,

注意

只有形容词和动词不能强调

判断是不是强调句？

主语从句往后放和强调句

第一种方法

我们可以使用还原法（去掉 it is，然后再还原），判断是不是完整的句子，如果是完整的句子那么就是强调句，否则就是主语从句

第二种方法

如果 is that 中间不是形容词和动词，就是强调句

虚拟

虚拟是什么？

• 跟真实对比不相符的，就是虚拟
• 假设的情况，就是虚拟

如何表达虚拟？

谓语动词变态：谓语动词改变时态

虚拟用在哪？

if虚拟条件

假设现在时

从句往前推一个时态, 主句4加一，将来同现在

if 从句 + 往前推一个时态 did + be 动词只能用 were + 主句 could/would/should/might + do

现在时，往前推一个时态就是 did，从句 4 个词 could/would/should/might 加上一个 do

Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions一一like, say, tennis games.

假设过去

if 从句 + 过去完成时（过去的之前） had done + 主句 could/would/should/might + have done

只能用 have，has不是原型

If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.

假设将来

口诀：将来同现在

假设将来，有可能会实现，所以用的很少

if从句 + did（were）/were to do/should do + 主句 could/would/should/might + do

If railroads charged all customers the same average rate… shippers… would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

名词性从句的虚拟

主句当中有表示建议，命令和要求的词，里面的小从句都需要虚拟

This year, it was proposed that the system (should) be changed:

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.