「机器视觉」学习笔记 - Thresholding Techniques- 图像阈值

• shiIntroducing thresholding techniques

• Simple thresholding technique

• Adaptive thresholding technique

• Otsu's thresholding algorithm

• Triangle thresholding algorithm

• Thresholding color images

• Thresholding algorithms using scikit-imag

等于通过设定阈值，来将图片分割为几个部分，下面介绍几种常用的方法

Simple Thresholding（简单的阈值）

参数

• cv.THRESH_BINARY
• cv.THRESH_BINARY_INV
• cv.THRESH_TRUNC
• cv.THRESH_TOZERO
• cv.THRESH_TOZERO_INV

图片来自于opencv官网 

cv2.threshold(src, thresh, maxval, type, dst=None) -> retval, dst

#1 图片地址
#2 阈值
#3 最大值
#4 设定方案

ret,thresh5 = cv.threshold(img,127,255,cv.THRESH_TOZERO_INV)

Adaptive Thresholding（适应性阈值）

• cv.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C: The threshold value is the mean of the neighbourhood area minus the constant C.
• cv.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C: The threshold value is a gaussian-weighted sum of the neighbourhood values minus the constant C.

adaptiveThreshold(src, maxValue, adaptiveMethod, thresholdType, blockSize, C[, dst]) -> dst

最后的c值就是从前面自适应函数中减去的值


import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv.imread('sudoku.png',0)
img = cv.medianBlur(img,5)
ret,th1 = cv.threshold(img,127,255,cv.THRESH_BINARY)
th2 = cv.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C,\
            cv.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
th3 = cv.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C,\
            cv.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
titles = ['Original Image', 'Global Thresholding (v = 127)',
            'Adaptive Mean Thresholding', 'Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding']
images = [img, th1, th2, th3]
for i in range(4):
    plt.subplot(2,2,i+1),plt.imshow(images[i],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i])
    plt.xticks([]),plt.yticks([])
plt.show()

Otsu's thresholding algorithm

在第一个方法中，我们需要自己寻找这个阈值。

现在通过这个方法系统可以自动帮我们找到这个值。

通常需要搭配blur去使用

import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv.imread('noisy2.png',0)
# global thresholding
ret1,th1 = cv.threshold(img,127,255,cv.THRESH_BINARY)
# Otsu's thresholding
ret2,th2 = cv.threshold(img,0,255,cv.THRESH_BINARY+cv.THRESH_OTSU)
# Otsu's thresholding after Gaussian filtering
blur = cv.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)
ret3,th3 = cv.threshold(blur,0,255,cv.THRESH_BINARY+cv.THRESH_OTSU)
# plot all the images and their histograms
images = [img, 0, th1,
          img, 0, th2,
          blur, 0, th3]
titles = ['Original Noisy Image','Histogram','Global Thresholding (v=127)',
          'Original Noisy Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding",
          'Gaussian filtered Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding"]
for i in range(3):
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+1),plt.imshow(images[i*3],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i*3]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+2),plt.hist(images[i*3].ravel(),256)
    plt.title(titles[i*3+1]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
    plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+3),plt.imshow(images[i*3+2],'gray')
    plt.title(titles[i*3+2]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()

效果图

The triangle binarization algorithm 

和前面的原理差不多，只是计算阈值的方案改变了

ret1, th1 = cv2.threshold(gray_image, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_TRIANGLE)

scikit-image中的使用

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from skimage import data
from skimage.filters import try_all_threshold

from skimage.filters import threshold_mean


image = data.camera()

thresh = threshold_mean(image)
# thresh = threshold_otsu(gray_image)


binary = image > thresh

fig, axes = plt.subplots(ncols=2, figsize=(8, 3))
ax = axes.ravel()

ax[0].imshow(image, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax[0].set_title('Original image')

ax[1].imshow(binary, cmap=plt.cm.gray)
ax[1].set_title('Result')

for a in ax:
    a.axis('off')

plt.show()

 使用其它的方法

# Trying Otsu's scikit-image algorithm:
thresh_otsu = threshold_otsu(gray_image)
binary_otsu = gray_image > thresh_otsu
binary_otsu = img_as_ubyte(binary_otsu)

# Trying Niblack's scikit-image algorithm:
thresh_niblack = threshold_niblack(gray_image, window_size=25, k=0.8)
binary_niblack = gray_image > thresh_niblack
binary_niblack = img_as_ubyte(binary_niblack)

# Trying Sauvola's scikit-image algorithm:
thresh_sauvola = threshold_sauvola(gray_image, window_size=25)
binary_sauvola = gray_image > thresh_sauvola
binary_sauvola = img_as_ubyte(binary_sauvola)

# Trying triangle scikit-image algorithm:
thresh_triangle = threshold_triangle(gray_image)
binary_triangle = gray_image > thresh_triangle
binary_triangle = img_as_ubyte(binary_triangle)