context 源码解析

package context

import (
	"errors"
	"internal/reflectlite"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"
)

//每个context 都要实现的接口
type Context interface {
	Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
	Done() <-chan struct{}
	Err() error
	Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}

// Canceled is the error returned by Context.Err when the context is canceled.
var Canceled = errors.New("context canceled")

// DeadlineExceeded is the error returned by Context.Err when the context's
// deadline passes.
var DeadlineExceeded error = deadlineExceededError{}

type deadlineExceededError struct{}

func (deadlineExceededError) Error() string   { return "context deadline exceeded" }
func (deadlineExceededError) Timeout() bool   { return true }
func (deadlineExceededError) Temporary() bool { return true }

// An emptyCtx is never canceled, has no values, and has no deadline. It is not
// struct{}, since vars of this type must have distinct addresses.
// 这个空的context 实例，其实就是Background() 和 TODO()构建的空context
type emptyCtx int

func (*emptyCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
	return
}

func (*emptyCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
	return nil
}

func (*emptyCtx) Err() error {
	return nil
}

func (*emptyCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
	return nil
}

func (e *emptyCtx) String() string {
	switch e {
	case background:
		return "context.Background"
	case todo:
		return "context.TODO"
	}
	return "unknown empty Context"
}

var (
	background = new(emptyCtx)
	todo       = new(emptyCtx)
)

// Background returns a non-nil, empty Context. It is never canceled, has no
// values, and has no deadline. It is typically used by the main function,
// initialization, and tests, and as the top-level Context for incoming
// requests.
func Background() Context {
	return background
}

// TODO returns a non-nil, empty Context. Code should use context.TODO when
// it's unclear which Context to use or it is not yet available (because the
// surrounding function has not yet been extended to accept a Context
// parameter).
func TODO() Context {
	return todo
}

// A CancelFunc tells an operation to abandon its work.
// A CancelFunc does not wait for the work to stop.
// A CancelFunc may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
// After the first call, subsequent calls to a CancelFunc do nothing.
type CancelFunc func()

// WithCancel returns a copy of parent with a new Done channel. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the returned cancel function is called
// or when the parent context's Done channel is closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
// 它有两个核心，其中一个就是创建的时候向外返回的cancel 方法
// 另一个就是监控parent 的context
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {
	c := newCancelCtx(parent)
	propagateCancel(parent, &c). //监听parent close
	return &c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
}

// newCancelCtx returns an initialized cancelCtx.
func newCancelCtx(parent Context) cancelCtx {
	return cancelCtx{Context: parent}
}

// goroutines counts the number of goroutines ever created; for testing.
var goroutines int32

// propagateCancel arranges for child to be canceled when parent is.
// 监控父context 是否被关闭，如果被关闭则进行child的cancel,
func propagateCancel(parent Context, child canceler) {
	done := parent.Done()
	if done == nil {
		return // parent is never canceled
	}

	select {
	case <-done:
		// parent is already canceled
		child.cancel(false, parent.Err()) //close child context
		return
	default:
	}

	if p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent); ok { //检查parent 的value是否是*cancelCtx 类型的参数。如果是，则将新建立的child context.放在parent 的children map 中。else 开启一个新的协程监控parent 的情况
		p.mu.Lock()
		if p.err != nil {
			// parent has already been canceled
			child.cancel(false, p.err)
		} else {
			if p.children == nil {
				p.children = make(map[canceler]struct{})
			}
			p.children[child] = struct{}{}
		}
		p.mu.Unlock()
	} else {
		atomic.AddInt32(&goroutines, +1)
		go func() {
			select {
			case <-parent.Done(): 
				child.cancel(false, parent.Err())
			case <-child.Done():
			}
		}()
	}
}

// &cancelCtxKey is the key that a cancelCtx returns itself for.
var cancelCtxKey int

// parentCancelCtx returns the underlying *cancelCtx for parent.
// It does this by looking up parent.Value(&cancelCtxKey) to find
// the innermost enclosing *cancelCtx and then checking whether
// parent.Done() matches that *cancelCtx. (If not, the *cancelCtx
// has been wrapped in a custom implementation providing a
// different done channel, in which case we should not bypass it.)
// 检查parent是否是cancelCtx 结构。
func parentCancelCtx(parent Context) (*cancelCtx, bool) {
	done := parent.Done()
	if done == closedchan || done == nil {
		return nil, false
	}
	p, ok := parent.Value(&cancelCtxKey).(*cancelCtx)
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}
	p.mu.Lock()
	ok = p.done == done   //如果不相同表示已经被其它的引用了，此时我们应该跳过
	p.mu.Unlock()
	if !ok {
		return nil, false
	}
	return p, true
}

// removeChild removes a context from its parent.
// 从它的父context 中del它
func removeChild(parent Context, child canceler) {
	p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent)
	if !ok {
		return
	}
	p.mu.Lock()
	if p.children != nil {
		delete(p.children, child)
	}
	p.mu.Unlock()
}

// A canceler is a context type that can be canceled directly. The
// implementations are *cancelCtx and *timerCtx.
type canceler interface {
	cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error)
	Done() <-chan struct{}
}

// closedchan is a reusable closed channel.
var closedchan = make(chan struct{})

func init() {
	close(closedchan)
}

// A cancelCtx can be canceled. When canceled, it also cancels any children
// that implement canceler.

type cancelCtx struct {
	Context.                       //parent context

	mu       sync.Mutex            // protects following fields
	done     chan struct{}         // created lazily, closed by first cancel call，当被关闭的时候所有的监控都可以发现，可以理解为一个信号
	children map[canceler]struct{} // set to nil by the first cancel call
	err      error                 // set to non-nil by the first cancel call
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
	if key == &cancelCtxKey {
		return c
	}
	return c.Context.Value(key)
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
	c.mu.Lock()
	if c.done == nil {
		c.done = make(chan struct{})
	}
	d := c.done
	c.mu.Unlock()
	return d
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Err() error {
	c.mu.Lock()
	err := c.err
	c.mu.Unlock()
	return err
}

type stringer interface {
	String() string
}

func contextName(c Context) string {
	if s, ok := c.(stringer); ok {
		return s.String()
	}
	return reflectlite.TypeOf(c).String(). //print 结构名
}

func (c *cancelCtx) String() string {
	return contextName(c.Context) + ".WithCancel"
}

// cancel closes c.done, cancels each of c's children, and, if
// removeFromParent is true, removes c from its parent's children.
// 1：关闭c.done, 2：关闭当前所有的子context 3：移除c.context(parent)中的c (关闭子不会影响父) 
func (c *cancelCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error) {
	if err == nil {
		panic("context: internal error: missing cancel error")
	}
	c.mu.Lock()
	if c.err != nil {
		c.mu.Unlock()
		return // already canceled
	}
	c.err = err
	if c.done == nil {
		c.done = closedchan
	} else {
		close(c.done)
	}
	for child := range c.children {
		// NOTE: acquiring the child's lock while holding parent's lock.
		child.cancel(false, err)
	}
	c.children = nil
	c.mu.Unlock()

	if removeFromParent {
		removeChild(c.Context, c) //del parent context中的c
	}
}

// WithDeadline returns a copy of the parent context with the deadline adjusted
// to be no later than d. If the parent's deadline is already earlier than d,
// WithDeadline(parent, d) is semantically equivalent to parent. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the deadline expires, when the returned
// cancel function is called, or when the parent context's Done channel is
// closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
func WithDeadline(parent Context, d time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {
	if cur, ok := parent.Deadline(); ok && cur.Before(d) {
		// The current deadline is already sooner than the new one.
        // 如果当前context的时间,早于parten的context,则修改为普通的withCancel
		return WithCancel(parent)
	}
	c := &timerCtx{ //我们发现用的还是cancelCtx 
		cancelCtx: newCancelCtx(parent),
		deadline:  d,
	}
	propagateCancel(parent, c)
	dur := time.Until(d)
	if dur <= 0 {
		c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded) // deadline has already passed
		return c, func() { c.cancel(false, Canceled) }
	}
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()
	if c.err == nil { //开启一个到时间执行的func
		c.timer = time.AfterFunc(dur, func() {
			c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded)
		})
	}
	return c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
}

// A timerCtx carries a timer and a deadline. It embeds a cancelCtx to
// implement Done and Err. It implements cancel by stopping its timer then
// delegating to cancelCtx.cancel.
type timerCtx struct {
	cancelCtx
	timer *time.Timer // Under cancelCtx.mu.

	deadline time.Time
}

func (c *timerCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
	return c.deadline, true
}

func (c *timerCtx) String() string {
	return contextName(c.cancelCtx.Context) + ".WithDeadline(" +
		c.deadline.String() + " [" +
		time.Until(c.deadline).String() + "])"
}

func (c *timerCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err error) {
	c.cancelCtx.cancel(false, err)
	if removeFromParent {
		// Remove this timerCtx from its parent cancelCtx's children.
		removeChild(c.cancelCtx.Context, c)
	}
	c.mu.Lock()
	if c.timer != nil {
		c.timer.Stop()
		c.timer = nil
	}
	c.mu.Unlock()
}

// WithTimeout returns WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete:
//
// 	func slowOperationWithTimeout(ctx context.Context) (Result, error) {
// 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Millisecond)
// 		defer cancel()  // releases resources if slowOperation completes before timeout elapses
// 		return slowOperation(ctx)
// 	}
func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {
	return WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout))
}

// WithValue returns a copy of parent in which the value associated with key is
// val.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The provided key must be comparable and should not be of type
// string or any other built-in type to avoid collisions between
// packages using context. Users of WithValue should define their own
// types for keys. To avoid allocating when assigning to an
// interface{}, context keys often have concrete type
// struct{}. Alternatively, exported context key variables' static
// type should be a pointer or interface.
func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context {
	if key == nil {
		panic("nil key")
	}
	if !reflectlite.TypeOf(key).Comparable() {
		panic("key is not comparable")
	}
	return &valueCtx{parent, key, val}
}

// A valueCtx carries a key-value pair. It implements Value for that key and
// delegates all other calls to the embedded Context.
type valueCtx struct {
	Context
	key, val interface{}
}

// stringify tries a bit to stringify v, without using fmt, since we don't
// want context depending on the unicode tables. This is only used by
// *valueCtx.String().
func stringify(v interface{}) string {
	switch s := v.(type) {
	case stringer:
		return s.String()
	case string:
		return s
	}
	return "<not Stringer>"
}

func (c *valueCtx) String() string {
	return contextName(c.Context) + ".WithValue(type " +
		reflectlite.TypeOf(c.key).String() +
		", val " + stringify(c.val) + ")"
}
//可以从多个协程中得到数据，不能写
func (c *valueCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
	if c.key == key {
		return c.val
	}
	return c.Context.Value(key)
}

其实我们在学习context 的过程中会有一些介绍具体的包括以下几个接口。

func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {} 
//从前面的源码阅读，我们可以发现withCannel 实现的主要功能就是1：监控parent context,
//如果关闭则同时关闭，当前context(调用当前方法创建的)。另外return ctx ，cancelFunc. 
//cancelFunc(可以由外部调用，关闭ctx 以及ctx的child context).所以我们可以认为这是构建一个同步关闭子协程的方法。
//在这里我们进入父子协程的概念就好理解了。返回children context. 当我们调用CancelFunc 时，会关闭ctx的所有监听协程，同时所有ctx的协程也会被close.但是parent context,不会被close.

func WithDeadline(parent Context, d time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {}
//此函数返回其父项的派生 context，当截止日期超过或取消函数被调用时，该 context 将被取消。
//例如，您可以创建一个将在以后的某个时间自动取消的 context，并在子函数中传递它。当因为截止日期
//耗尽而取消该 context 时，获此 context 的所有函数都会收到通知去停止运行并返回。
//（除了时间的部分，核心还是withCancel）

func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {}
//此函数类似于 context.WithDeadline。不同之处在于它将持续时间作为参数输入而不是时间对象。
//此函数返回派生 context，如果调用取消函数或超出超时持续时间，则会取消该派生 context。
//（除了时间的部分，核心还是withCancel）


func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context {}
//此函数接收 context 并返回派生 context，其中值 val 与 key 关联，并通过 context 树与 context 一起传递。
//这意味着一旦获得带有值的 context，从中派生的任何 context 都会获得此值。不建议使用 context 值传递关键参数，
//而是函数应接收签名中的那些值，使其显式化。