李毓佩《数学历险记》—裂项法简算分数
问题描述:
计算:
1
1
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2
+
1
2
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3
+
1
3
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4
+ ...+
1
98
∗
99
+
1
99
∗
100
\frac{1}{1 * 2} + \frac{1}{2 * 3}+ \frac{1}{3 *4}+ ...+\frac{1}{98 * 99} + \frac{1}{99 * 100}
1∗21+2∗31+3∗41+ ...+98∗991+99∗1001
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3
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4
+ ...+
1
98
∗
99
+
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99
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100
\frac{1}{1 * 2} + \frac{1}{2 * 3}+ \frac{1}{3 *4}+ ...+\frac{1}{98 * 99} + \frac{1}{99 * 100}
1∗21+2∗31+3∗41+ ...+98∗991+99∗1001
=
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1
98
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99
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99
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1
100
)
= (\frac{1}{1} - \frac{1}{2}) +(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3}) +(\frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{4}) +.....+(\frac{1}{98} - \frac{1}{99})+(\frac{1}{99} - \frac{1}{100})
=(11−21)+(21−31)+(31−41)+.....+(981−991)+(991−1001)
=
1
−
1
100
=1 - \frac{1}{100}
=1−1001
=
99
100
=\frac{99}{100}
=10099
把一个分数拆成两个分数相减的形式,就是裂项法,可以根据裂项工式:
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∗
1
b
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a
\frac{1}{a * b} = (\frac{1}{a} - \frac{1}{b}) * \frac{1}{b - a}
a∗b1=(a1−b1)∗b−a1把一个数裂项为两个分数求差,然后前后抵消求和。裂项法是分解与组合思想在数列求和中的具体应用,通常用于代数,分数,有时候也用于整数数列求和。
裂相法求各工式
- 1 n ( n + 1 ) = 1 n − 1 n + 1 \frac{1}{n(n +1)} = \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{n+1} n(n+1)1=n1−n+11
- 1 ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) = 1 2 ( 1 2 n − 1 − 1 2 n + 1 ) \frac{1}{(2n-1)(2n +1)} = \frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{2n-1} - \frac{1}{2n+1}) (2n−1)(2n+1)1=21(2n−11−2n+11)
- 1 n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) = 1 2 ( 1 n ( n − 1 ) − 1 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ) \frac{1}{n(n+1)(n +2)} = \frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{n(n-1)} - \frac{1}{(n+1)(n+2)}) n(n+1)(n+2)1=21(n(n−1)1−(n+1)(n+2)1)
- 1 a + b = 1 a − b ( a − b ) \frac{1}{\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b}} = \frac{1}{a - b} (\sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b}) a+b1=a−b1(a−b)
- n ∗ n ! = ( n + 1 ) ! − n ! n * n! = (n + 1)! - n! n∗n!=(n+1)!−n!
- 1 n ( n + k ) = 1 k ( 1 n − 1 n + k ) \frac{1}{n(n+k)} = \frac{1}{k}(\frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{n +k}) n(n+k)1=k1(n1−n+k1)
- 1 n + n + 1 = n + 1 − n \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}} = \sqrt{n+1} - \sqrt{n} n+n+11=n+1−n
- 1 n + n + k = 1 k ( n + k − n ) \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+k}} = \frac{1}{k} (\sqrt{n+k} - \sqrt{n}) n+n+k1=k1(n+k−n)
例: 1 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 3 + 1 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 4 + 1 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 5 + . . . + 1 97 ∗ 98 ∗ 99 + 1 98 ∗ 99 ∗ 100 \frac{1}{1 * 2*3} + \frac{1}{2*3*4}+\frac{1}{3 *4*5}+...+\frac{1}{97*98 * 99} + \frac{1}{98*99 * 100} 1∗2∗31+2∗3∗41+3∗4∗51+...+97∗98∗991+98∗99∗1001
=
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97
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98
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100
)
=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{1*2} - \frac{1}{2*3} +\frac{1}{2*3} - \frac{1}{3*4} +\frac{1}{3*4} - \frac{1}{4*5} +.....+\frac{1}{97*98} - \frac{1}{98*99}+\frac{1}{98*99} - \frac{1}{99*100})
=21(1∗21−2∗31+2∗31−3∗41+3∗41−4∗51+.....+97∗981−98∗991+98∗991−99∗1001)
=
1
2
(
1
1
∗
2
−
1
99
∗
100
)
=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{1*2} - \frac{1}{99*100})
=21(1∗21−99∗1001)
=
4949
19800
=\frac{4949}{19800}
=198004949