python模块 之 re模块

re模块

功能：实现python对正则表达式对支持与应用，将想要得到对内容按照正则表达式匹配出来

应用场景：爬虫脚本、对用户输入内容进行合规检查(如qq格式检查)等

常用方法 

findall

功能：匹配对象中所有符合正则表达式的内容，并取出来

返回值：列表，所匹配到对项都会返回到列表中

import re
content = '13621abc15323def19323'
regex = r'1[3-9]\d{3}'
ret = re.findall(regex,content)
print(ret)
#返回值：['13621', '15323', '19323']

search

功能：从开头开始匹配，任何地方有符合规则的都返回一个(只返回一个)

返回值：re自定义类型

import re
content = '13621abc15323def19323'
regex = r'(1[3-9]\d{3})(\D{3})'
ret = re.search(regex,content)
print(ret)
#返回值：<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 5), match='13621'>

search 取分组中的内容 group()

    根据序号取    

import re
content = '13621abc15323'
regex = r'(1[3-9]\d{3})(\D{3})(1[3-9]\d{3})'
ret = re.search(regex,content)

print(ret.group())  # 13621abc15323
print(ret.group(0)) # 13621abc15323
print(ret.group(1)) # 13621
print(ret.group(2)) # abc
print(ret.group(3)) # 15323

    根据组名取

import re
content = '136abc15323'
regex = r'(?P<num1>\d)(?P<num2>\d)(?P<num3>\d)'
ret = re.search(regex,content)

print(ret.group())  # 136
print(ret.group('num1'))    # 1
print(ret.group('num2'))    # 3
print(ret.group('num3'))    # 6

    分组的引用

    注：由于?P=num1是引用了num1分组，所以它匹配到的内容必须和num1匹配到到内容一样

import re
content = '136abc15332'
regex = r'(?P<num1>\d)(?P=num1)(?P<num3>\d)'
ret = re.search(regex,content)
print(ret.group())
# 332

match

功能：

    从开头匹配，若开头部分匹配到则匹配成功，否则失败

    匹配用户输入的内容是否合法时，都是用match

返回值：

    匹配到：re自定义类型

    未匹配到：None

import re
content = 'supervisorctl'
ret1 = re.match('super',content)
ret2 = re.match('visor',content)
ret3 = re.search('visor',content)
print(ret1) # <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 5), match='super'>
print(ret2) # None
print(ret3) # <_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(5, 10), match='visor'>

进阶方法

compile

功能：预编译，预先编译我们写的规则，方便代码中多次引用

import re
regex = r'\d{6}'
content = 'admin:123456;user:654321'
rule = re.compile(regex)
ret = rule.findall(content)
print(ret)
# 返回结果：['123456', '654321']

finditer

功能：返回一个迭代器，循环取出的是re的自定义类型；可通过group取值，能够节省空间

import re
content = 'admin:123456;user:654321;root:987654'
ret = re.finditer(r'\d{6}',content)
print(ret)  # <callable_iterator object at 0x00BE9290>
for i in ret:
    print(i.group()) # 123456 654321 987654

了解内容

split

功能：根据正则做切割

import re
regex1 = r'\d'
regex2 = r'\d{3}'
content = 'abc123def456ghi'
ret1 = re.split(regex1,content)
ret2 = re.split(regex2,content)
print(ret1) # ['abc', '', '', 'def', '', '', 'ghi']
print(ret2) # ['abc', 'def', 'ghi']

sub

功能：将满足正则的部分替换成指定的内容（可指定替换个数）

用法：re.sub(正则,要替换的内容,待替换的字符串,要替换的个数)

import re
regex1 = r'\d'
regex2 = r'\d{3}'
content = 'abc123def456ghi'
ret1 = re.sub(regex1,'M',content,1)
ret2 = re.sub(regex2,'H',content,2)
print(ret1) # abcM23def456ghi
print(ret2) # abcHdefHghi

subn

功能：替换所有满足正则的部分

用法：re.sub(正则,要替换的内容,待替换的字符串)

返回值：元祖（元素1：替换后的结果；元素2:替换的次数）

import re
regex1 = r'\d'
regex2 = r'\d{3}'
content = 'abc123def456ghi'
ret1 = re.subn(regex1,'M',content)
ret2 = re.subn(regex2,'H',content)
print(ret1) # ('abcMMMdefMMMghi', 6)
print(ret2) # ('abcHdefHghi', 2)