redis学习笔记
redis概述
Redis(Remote Dictionary Server ),即远程字典服务 !
是一个开源的使用ANSI C语言编写、支持网络、可基于内存亦可持久化的日志型、Key-Value数据库。
redis能干嘛?
1、内存存储、持久化,内存中是断电即失、所以说持久化很重要(rdb、aof) 2、效率高,可以用于高速缓存
3、发布订阅系统
4、地图信息分析
5、计时器、计数器(浏览量!)
redis特性
1、多样的数据类型
2、持久化
3、集群
4、事务
五大数据类型
(1) string
(2)List
(3) Set
(4) Hash
(5) Zset集合
三大特殊数据类型
(1)Geospatial地理位置信息
(2)Hyperloglog
(3)Bitmap
事物
redis事物:一组命令的集合,要么全部执行,要么全部不执行。
multi 开启事物
exec 执行事务
DISCARD 取消事物
redis.conf样例
# Redis配置文件样例
# Note on units: when memory size is needed, it is possible to specifiy
# it in the usual form of 1k 5GB 4M and so forth:
#
# 1k => 1000 bytes
# 1kb => 1024 bytes
# 1m => 1000000 bytes
# 1mb => 1024*1024 bytes
# 1g => 1000000000 bytes
# 1gb => 1024*1024*1024 bytes
#
# units are case insensitive so 1GB 1Gb 1gB are all the same.
# Redis默认不是以守护进程的方式运行,可以通过该配置项修改,使用yes启用守护进程
# 启用守护进程后,Redis会把pid写到一个pidfile中,在/var/run/redis.pid
daemonize no
# 当Redis以守护进程方式运行时,Redis默认会把pid写入/var/run/redis.pid文件,可以通过pidfile指定
pidfile /var/run/redis.pid
# 指定Redis监听端口,默认端口为6379
# 如果指定0端口,表示Redis不监听TCP连接
port 6379
# 绑定的主机地址
# 你可以绑定单一接口,如果没有绑定,所有接口都会监听到来的连接
# bind 127.0.0.1
# Specify the path for the unix socket that will be used to listen for
# incoming connections. There is no default, so Redis will not listen
# on a unix socket when not specified.
#
# unixsocket /tmp/redis.sock
# unixsocketperm 755
# 当客户端闲置多长时间后关闭连接,如果指定为0,表示关闭该功能
timeout 0
# 指定日志记录级别,Redis总共支持四个级别:debug、verbose、notice、warning,默认为verbose
# debug (很多信息, 对开发/测试比较有用)
# verbose (many rarely useful info, but not a mess like the debug level)
# notice (moderately verbose, what you want in production probably)
# warning (only very important / critical messages are logged)
loglevel verbose
# 日志记录方式,默认为标准输出,如果配置为redis为守护进程方式运行,而这里又配置为标准输出,则日志将会发送给/dev/null
logfile stdout
# To enable logging to the system logger, just set 'syslog-enabled' to yes,
# and optionally update the other syslog parameters to suit your needs.
# syslog-enabled no
# Specify the syslog identity.
# syslog-ident redis
# Specify the syslog facility. Must be USER or between LOCAL0-LOCAL7.
# syslog-facility local0
# 设置数据库的数量,默认数据库为0,可以使用select <dbid>命令在连接上指定数据库id
# dbid是从0到‘databases’-1的数目
databases 16
################################ SNAPSHOTTING #################################
# 指定在多长时间内,有多少次更新操作,就将数据同步到数据文件,可以多个条件配合
# Save the DB on disk:
#
# save <seconds> <changes>
#
# Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
# number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
# 满足以下条件将会同步数据:
# 900秒(15分钟)内有1个更改
# 300秒(5分钟)内有10个更改
# 60秒内有10000个更改
# Note: 可以把所有“save”行注释掉,这样就取消同步操作了
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
# 指定存储至本地数据库时是否压缩数据,默认为yes,Redis采用LZF压缩,如果为了节省CPU时间,可以关闭该选项,但会导致数据库文件变的巨大
rdbcompression yes
# 指定本地数据库文件名,默认值为dump.rdb
dbfilename dump.rdb
# 工作目录.
# 指定本地数据库存放目录,文件名由上一个dbfilename配置项指定
#
# Also the Append Only File will be created inside this directory.
#
# 注意,这里只能指定一个目录,不能指定文件名
dir ./
################################# REPLICATION #################################
# 主从复制。使用slaveof从 Redis服务器复制一个Redis实例。注意,该配置仅限于当前slave有效
# so for example it is possible to configure the slave to save the DB with a
# different interval, or to listen to another port, and so on.
# 设置当本机为slav服务时,设置master服务的ip地址及端口,在Redis启动时,它会自动从master进行数据同步
# slaveof <masterip> <masterport>
# 当master服务设置了密码保护时,slav服务连接master的密码
# 下文的“requirepass”配置项可以指定密码
# masterauth <master-password>
# When a slave lost the connection with the master, or when the replication
# is still in progress, the slave can act in two different ways:
#
# 1) if slave-serve-stale-data is set to 'yes' (the default) the slave will
# still reply to client requests, possibly with out of data data, or the
# data set may just be empty if this is the first synchronization.
#
# 2) if slave-serve-stale data is set to 'no' the slave will reply with
# an error "SYNC with master in progress" to all the kind of commands
# but to INFO and SLAVEOF.
#
slave-serve-stale-data yes
# Slaves send PINGs to server in a predefined interval. It's possible to change
# this interval with the repl_ping_slave_period option. The default value is 10
# seconds.
#
# repl-ping-slave-period 10
# The following option sets a timeout for both Bulk transfer I/O timeout and
# master data or ping response timeout. The default value is 60 seconds.
#
# It is important to make sure that this value is greater than the value
# specified for repl-ping-slave-period otherwise a timeout will be detected
# every time there is low traffic between the master and the slave.
#
# repl-timeout 60
################################## SECURITY ###################################
# Warning: since Redis is pretty fast an outside user can try up to
# 150k passwords per second against a good box. This means that you should
# use a very strong password otherwise it will be very easy to break.
# 设置Redis连接密码,如果配置了连接密码,客户端在连接Redis时需要通过auth <password>命令提供密码,默认关闭
# requirepass foobared
# Command renaming.
#
# It is possilbe to change the name of dangerous commands in a shared
# environment. For instance the CONFIG command may be renamed into something
# of hard to guess so that it will be still available for internal-use
# tools but not available for general clients.
#
# Example:
#
# rename-command CONFIG b840fc02d524045429941cc15f59e41cb7be6c52
#
# It is also possilbe to completely kill a command renaming it into
# an empty string:
#
# rename-command CONFIG ""
################################### LIMITS ####################################
# 设置同一时间最大客户端连接数,默认无限制,Redis可以同时打开的客户端连接数为Redis进程可以打开的最大文件描述符数,
# 如果设置maxclients 0,表示不作限制。当客户端连接数到达限制时,Redis会关闭新的连接并向客户端返回max Number of clients reached错误信息
# maxclients 128
# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys with an
# EXPIRE set. It will try to start freeing keys that are going to expire
# in little time and preserve keys with a longer time to live.
# Redis will also try to remove objects from free lists if possible.
#
# If all this fails, Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that will use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to most read-only commands like GET.
#
# WARNING: maxmemory can be a good idea mainly if you want to use Redis as a
# 'state' server or cache, not as a real DB. When Redis is used as a real
# database the memory usage will grow over the weeks, it will be obvious if
# it is going to use too much memory in the long run, and you'll have the time
# to upgrade. With maxmemory after the limit is reached you'll start to get
# errors for write operations, and this may even lead to DB inconsistency.
# 指定Redis最大内存限制,Redis在启动时会把数据加载到内存中,达到最大内存后,Redis会先尝试清除已到期或即将到期的Key,
# 当此方法处理后,仍然到达最大内存设置,将无法再进行写入操作,但仍然可以进行读取操作。
# Redis新的vm机制,会把Key存放内存,Value会存放在swap区
# maxmemory <bytes>
# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached? You can select among five behavior:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key accordingly to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys->random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with all the kind of policies, Redis will return an error on write
# operations, when there are not suitable keys for eviction.
#
# At the date of writing this commands are: set setnx setex append
# incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
# sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
# zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
# getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy volatile-lru
# LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated
# algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can select as well the sample
# size to check. For instance for default Redis will check three keys and
# pick the one that was used less recently, you can change the sample size
# using the following configuration directive.
#
# maxmemory-samples 3
############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################
#
# Note that you can have both the async dumps and the append only file if you
# like (you have to comment the "save" statements above to disable the dumps).
# Still if append only mode is enabled Redis will load the data from the
# log file at startup ignoring the dump.rdb file.
# 指定是否在每次更新操作后进行日志记录,Redis在默认情况下是异步的把数据写入磁盘,如果不开启,可能会在断电时导致一段时间内的数据丢失。
# 因为redis本身同步数据文件是按上面save条件来同步的,所以有的数据会在一段时间内只存在于内存中。默认为no
# IMPORTANT: Check the BGREWRITEAOF to check how to rewrite the append
# log file in background when it gets too big.
appendonly no
# 指定更新日志文件名,默认为appendonly.aof
# appendfilename appendonly.aof
# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead to wait for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
# 指定更新日志条件,共有3个可选值:
# no:表示等操作系统进行数据缓存同步到磁盘(快)
# always:表示每次更新操作后手动调用fsync()将数据写到磁盘(慢,安全)
# everysec:表示每秒同步一次(折衷,默认值)
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no
# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none", that in pratical terms means that it is
# possible to lost up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no
# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size will growth by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (or if no rewrite happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a precentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb
################################## SLOW LOG ###################################
# The Redis Slow Log is a system to log queries that exceeded a specified
# execution time. The execution time does not include the I/O operations
# like talking with the client, sending the reply and so forth,
# but just the time needed to actually execute the command (this is the only
# stage of command execution where the thread is blocked and can not serve
# other requests in the meantime).
#
# You can configure the slow log with two parameters: one tells Redis
# what is the execution time, in microseconds, to exceed in order for the
# command to get logged, and the other parameter is the length of the
# slow log. When a new command is logged the oldest one is removed from the
# queue of logged commands.
# The following time is expressed in microseconds, so 1000000 is equivalent
# to one second. Note that a negative number disables the slow log, while
# a value of zero forces the logging of every command.
slowlog-log-slower-than 10000
# There is no limit to this length. Just be aware that it will consume memory.
# You can reclaim memory used by the slow log with SLOWLOG RESET.
slowlog-max-len 1024
################################ VIRTUAL MEMORY ###############################
### WARNING! Virtual Memory is deprecated in Redis 2.4
### The use of Virtual Memory is strongly discouraged.
### WARNING! Virtual Memory is deprecated in Redis 2.4
### The use of Virtual Memory is strongly discouraged.
# Virtual Memory allows Redis to work with datasets bigger than the actual
# amount of RAM needed to hold the whole dataset in memory.
# In order to do so very used keys are taken in memory while the other keys
# are swapped into a swap file, similarly to what operating systems do
# with memory pages.
# 指定是否启用虚拟内存机制,默认值为no,
# VM机制将数据分页存放,由Redis将访问量较少的页即冷数据swap到磁盘上,访问多的页面由磁盘自动换出到内存中
# 把vm-enabled设置为yes,根据需要设置好接下来的三个VM参数,就可以启动VM了
vm-enabled no
# vm-enabled yes
# This is the path of the Redis swap file. As you can guess, swap files
# can't be shared by different Redis instances, so make sure to use a swap
# file for every redis process you are running. Redis will complain if the
# swap file is already in use.
#
# Redis交换文件最好的存储是SSD(固态硬盘)
# 虚拟内存文件路径,默认值为/tmp/redis.swap,不可多个Redis实例共享
# *** WARNING *** if you are using a shared hosting the default of putting
# the swap file under /tmp is not secure. Create a dir with access granted
# only to Redis user and configure Redis to create the swap file there.
vm-swap-file /tmp/redis.swap
# With vm-max-memory 0 the system will swap everything it can. Not a good
# default, just specify the max amount of RAM you can in bytes, but it's
# better to leave some margin. For instance specify an amount of RAM
# that's more or less between 60 and 80% of your free RAM.
# 将所有大于vm-max-memory的数据存入虚拟内存,无论vm-max-memory设置多少,所有索引数据都是内存存储的(Redis的索引数据就是keys)
# 也就是说当vm-max-memory设置为0的时候,其实是所有value都存在于磁盘。默认值为0
vm-max-memory 0
# Redis swap文件分成了很多的page,一个对象可以保存在多个page上面,但一个page上不能被多个对象共享,vm-page-size是要根据存储的数据大小来设定的。
# 建议如果存储很多小对象,page大小最后设置为32或64bytes;如果存储很大的对象,则可以使用更大的page,如果不确定,就使用默认值
vm-page-size 32
# 设置swap文件中的page数量由于页表(一种表示页面空闲或使用的bitmap)是存放在内存中的,在磁盘上每8个pages将消耗1byte的内存
# swap空间总容量为 vm-page-size * vm-pages
#
# With the default of 32-bytes memory pages and 134217728 pages Redis will
# use a 4 GB swap file, that will use 16 MB of RAM for the page table.
#
# It's better to use the smallest acceptable value for your application,
# but the default is large in order to work in most conditions.
vm-pages 134217728
# Max number of VM I/O threads running at the same time.
# This threads are used to read/write data from/to swap file, since they
# also encode and decode objects from disk to memory or the reverse, a bigger
# number of threads can help with big objects even if they can't help with
# I/O itself as the physical device may not be able to couple with many
# reads/writes operations at the same time.
# 设置访问swap文件的I/O线程数,最后不要超过机器的核数,如果设置为0,那么所有对swap文件的操作都是串行的,可能会造成比较长时间的延迟,默认值为4
vm-max-threads 4
############################### ADVANCED CONFIG ###############################
# Hashes are encoded in a special way (much more memory efficient) when they
# have at max a given numer of elements, and the biggest element does not
# exceed a given threshold. You can configure this limits with the following
# configuration directives.
# 指定在超过一定的数量或者最大的元素超过某一临界值时,采用一种特殊的哈希算法
hash-max-zipmap-entries 512
hash-max-zipmap-value 64
# Similarly to hashes, small lists are also encoded in a special way in order
# to save a lot of space. The special representation is only used when
# you are under the following limits:
list-max-ziplist-entries 512
list-max-ziplist-value 64
# Sets have a special encoding in just one case: when a set is composed
# of just strings that happens to be integers in radix 10 in the range
# of 64 bit signed integers.
# The following configuration setting sets the limit in the size of the
# set in order to use this special memory saving encoding.
set-max-intset-entries 512
# Similarly to hashes and lists, sorted sets are also specially encoded in
# order to save a lot of space. This encoding is only used when the length and
# elements of a sorted set are below the following limits:
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
zset-max-ziplist-value 64
# Active rehashing uses 1 millisecond every 100 milliseconds of CPU time in
# order to help rehashing the main Redis hash table (the one mapping top-level
# keys to values). The hash table implementation redis uses (see dict.c)
# performs a lazy rehashing: the more operation you run into an hash table
# that is rhashing, the more rehashing "steps" are performed, so if the
# server is idle the rehashing is never complete and some more memory is used
# by the hash table.
#
# The default is to use this millisecond 10 times every second in order to
# active rehashing the main dictionaries, freeing memory when possible.
#
# If unsure:
# use "activerehashing no" if you have hard latency requirements and it is
# not a good thing in your environment that Redis can reply form time to time
# to queries with 2 milliseconds delay.
# 指定是否激活重置哈希,默认为开启
activerehashing yes
################################## INCLUDES ###################################
# 指定包含其他的配置文件,可以在同一主机上多个Redis实例之间使用同一份配置文件,而同时各实例又拥有自己的特定配置文件
# include /path/to/local.conf
# include /path/to/other.conf
redis持久化
RDB
RDB其实就是把数据以快照的形式保存在磁盘上。什么是快照呢,你可以理解成把当前时刻的数据拍成一张照片保存下来。RDB持久化是指在指定的时间间隔内将内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘。也是默认的持久化方式,这种方式是就是将内存中数据以快照的方式写入到二进制文件中,默认的文件名为dump.rdb。既然RDB机制是通过把某个时刻的所有数据生成一个快照来保存,那么就应该有一种触发机制,是实现这个过程。对于RDB来说,提供了三种机制:save、bgsave、自动化。我们分别来看一下:
- save触发机制:该命令会阻塞当前Redis服务器,执行save命令期间,Redis不能处理其他命令,直到RDB过程完成为止。
- bgsave触发方式:具体操作是Redis进程执行fork操作创建子进程,RDB持久化过程由子进程负责,完成后自动结束。阻塞只发生在fork阶段,一般时间很短。基本上 Redis 内部所有的RDB操作都是采用 bgsave 命令。
RDB的优缺点
①、优势
(1)RDB文件紧凑,全量备份,非常适合用于进行备份和灾难恢复。
(2)生成RDB文件的时候,redis主进程会fork()一个子进程来处理所有保存工作,主进程不需要进行任何磁盘IO操作。
(3)RDB 在恢复大数据集时的速度比 AOF 的恢复速度要快。
②、劣势
RDB快照是一次全量备份,存储的是内存数据的二进制序列化形式,存储上非常紧凑。当进行快照持久化时,会开启一个子进程专门负责快照持久化,子进程会拥有父进程的内存数据,父进程修改内存子进程不会反应出来,所以在快照持久化期间修改的数据不会被保存,可能丢失数据。
AOF
全量备份总是耗时的,有时候我们提供一种更加高效的方式AOF,工作机制很简单,redis会将每一个收到的写命令都通过write函数追加到文件中。通俗的理解就是日志记录。
1、持久化原理
他的原理看下面这张图:
每当有一个写命令过来时,就直接保存在我们的AOF文件中。
2、文件重写原理
AOF的方式也同时带来了另一个问题。持久化文件会变的越来越大。为了压缩aof的持久化文件。redis提供了bgrewriteaof命令。将内存中的数据以命令的方式保存到临时文件中,同时会fork出一条新进程来将文件重写。
重写aof文件的操作,并没有读取旧的aof文件,而是将整个内存中的数据库内容用命令的方式重写了一个新的aof文件,这点和快照有点类似。
3、AOF也有三种触发机制
(1)每修改同步always:同步持久化 每次发生数据变更会被立即记录到磁盘 性能较差但数据完整性比较好
(2)每秒同步everysec:异步操作,每秒记录 如果一秒内宕机,有数据丢失
(3)不同no:从不同步
4、优点
(1)AOF可以更好的保护数据不丢失,一般AOF会每隔1秒,通过一个后台线程执行一次fsync操作,最多丢失1秒钟的数据。(2)AOF日志文件没有任何磁盘寻址的开销,写入性能非常高,文件不容易破损。
(3)AOF日志文件即使过大的时候,出现后台重写操作,也不会影响客户端的读写。
(4)AOF日志文件的命令通过非常可读的方式进行记录,这个特性非常适合做灾难性的误删除的紧急恢复。比如某人不小心用flushall命令清空了所有数据,只要这个时候后台rewrite还没有发生,那么就可以立即拷贝AOF文件,将最后一条flushall命令给删了,然后再将该AOF文件放回去,就可以通过恢复机制,自动恢复所有数据。
5、缺点
(1)对于同一份数据来说,AOF日志文件通常比RDB数据快照文件更大
(2)AOF开启后,支持的写QPS会比RDB支持的写QPS低,因为AOF一般会配置成每秒fsync一次日志文件,当然,每秒一次fsync,性能也还是很高的
(3)以前AOF发生过bug,就是通过AOF记录的日志,进行数据恢复的时候,没有恢复一模一样的数据出来。
RDB和AOF的应用对比
Redis发布订阅
Redis 发布订阅 (pub/sub) 是一种消息通信模式:发送者 (pub) 发送消息,订阅者 (sub) 接收消息。
redis主从复制
主从复制,是指将一台Redis服务器的数据,复制到其他的Redis服务器。前者称为主节点(master/leader),后者称为从节点(slave/follower);数据的复制是单向的,只能由主节点到从节点。Master以写为主,Slave 以读为主。默认情况下,每台Redis服务器都是主节点;且一个主节点可以有多个从节点(或没有从节点),但一个从节点只能有一个主节点。
主从复制的作用主要包括:
1、数据冗余:主从复制实现了数据的热备份,是持久化之外的一种数据冗余方式。
2、故障恢复:当主节点出现问题时,可以由从节点提供服务,实现快速的故障恢复;实际上是一种服务的冗余。
3、负载均衡:在主从复制的基础上,配合读写分离,可以由主节点提供写服务,由从节点提供读服务(即写Redis数据时应用连接主节点,读Redis数据时应用连接从节点),分担服务器负载;尤其是在写少读多的场景下,通过多个从节点分担读负载,可以大大提高Redis服务器的并发量。
4、高可用(集群)基石:除了上述作用以外,主从复制还是哨兵和集群能够实施的基础,因此说主从复制是Redis高可用的基础。
环境配置
复制原理:
Slave 启动成功连接到 master 后会发送一个sync同步命令
Master 接到命令,启动后台的存盘进程,同时收集所有接收到的用于修改数据集命令,在后台进程执行完毕之后,master将传送整个数据文件到slave,并完成一次完全同步。
全量复制:而slave服务在接收到数据库文件数据后,将其存盘并加载到内存中。
增量复制:Master 继续将新的所有收集到的修改命令依次传给slave,完成同步
但是只要是重新连接master,一次完全同步(全量复制)将被自动执行! 我们的数据一定可以在从机中看到!
哨兵模式
主从切换技术的方法是:当主服务器宕机后,需要手动把一台从服务器切换为主服务器,这就需要人工干预,费事费力,还会造成一段时间内服务不可用。这不是一种推荐的方式,更多时候,我们优先考虑哨兵模式。Redis从2.8开始正式提供了Sentinel(哨兵) 架构来解决这个问题。谋朝篡位的自动版,能够后台监控主机是否故障,如果故障了根据投票数自动将从库转换为主库。哨兵模式是一种特殊的模式,首先Redis提供了哨兵的命令,哨兵是一个独立的进程,作为进程,它会独立运行。其原理是哨兵通过发送命令,等待Redis服务器响应,从而监控运行的多个Redis实例。
优点:
1、哨兵集群,基于主从复制模式,所有的主从配置优点,它全有
2、 主从可以切换,故障可以转移,系统的可用性就会更好
3、哨兵模式就是主从模式的升级,手动到自动,更加健壮!
缺点:
1、Redis 不好啊在线扩容的,集群容量一旦到达上限,在线扩容就十分麻烦!
2、实现哨兵模式的配置其实是很麻烦的,里面有很多选择!
这里的哨兵有两个作用
- 通过发送命令,让Redis服务器返回监控其运行状态,包括主服务器和从服务器。
- 当哨兵监测到master宕机,会自动将slave切换成master,然后通过发布订阅模式通知其他的从服务器,修改配置文件,让它们切换主机。
然而一个哨兵进程对Redis服务器进行监控,可能会出现问题,为此,我们可以使用多个哨兵进行监控。各个哨兵之间还会进行监控,这样就形成了多哨兵模式。
假设主服务器宕机,哨兵1先检测到这个结果,系统并不会马上进行failover过程,仅仅是哨兵1主观的认为主服务器不可用,这个现象成为主观下线。当后面的哨兵也检测到主服务器不可用,并且数量达到一定值时,那么哨兵之间就会进行一次投票,投票的结果由一个哨兵发起,进行failover[故障转移]操作。切换成功后,就会通过发布订阅模式,让各个哨兵把自己监控的从服务器实现切换主机,这个过程称为客观下线。
redis缓存穿透和雪崩(重点!!!)
缓存穿透(查不到)
缓存穿透的概念很简单,用户想要查询一个数据,发现redis内存数据库没有,也就是缓存没有命中,于是向持久层数据库查询。发现也没有,于是本次查询失败。当用户很多的时候,缓存都没有命中(秒杀!),于是都去请求了持久层数据库。这会给持久层数据库造成很大的压力,这时候就相当于出现了缓存穿透。
解决方案
布隆过滤器:一种数据结构,对所有可能查询的参数以hash形式存储,在控制层先进行校验,不符合则丢弃,从而避免了对底层存储系统的查询压力。
但是这种方法会存在两个问题:
1、如果空值能够被缓存起来,这就意味着缓存需要更多的空间存储更多的键,因为这当中可能会有很多的空值的键;
2、即使对空值设置了过期时间,还是会存在缓存层和存储层的数据会有一段时间窗口的不一致,这对于需要保持一致性的业务会有影响。
缓存击穿(量太大,缓存过期)
这里需要注意和缓存穿透的区别,缓存击穿,是指一个key非常热点,在不停的扛着大并发,大并发集中对这一个点进行访问,当这个key在失效的瞬间,持续的大并发就穿破缓存,直接请求数据库,就像在一个屏障上凿开了一个洞。
当某个key在过期的瞬间,有大量的请求并发访问,这类数据一般是热点数据,由于缓存过期,会同时访问数据库来查询最新数据,并且回写缓存,会导使数据库瞬间压力过大。
解决方案
- 设置热点数据永不过期
从缓存层面来看,没有设置过期时间,所以不会出现热点 key 过期后产生的问题。 - 加互斥锁
分布式锁:使用分布式锁,保证对于每个key同时只有一个线程去查询后端服务,其他线程没有获得分布式锁的权限,因此只需要等待即可。这种方式将高并发的压力转移到了分布式锁,因此对分布式锁的考验很大。
缓存雪崩
缓存雪崩,是指在某一个时间段,缓存集中过期失效。Redis 宕机!
产生雪崩的原因之一,比如在写本文的时候,马上就要到双十二零点,很快就会迎来一波抢购,这波商品时间比较集中的放入了缓存,假设缓存一个小时。那么到了凌晨一点钟的时候,这批商品的缓存就都过期了。而对这批商品的访问查询,都落到了数据库上,对于数据库而言,就会产生周期性的压力波峰。于是所有的请求都会达到存储层,存储层的调用量会暴增,造成存储层也会挂掉的情况。
其实集中过期,倒不是非常致命,比较致命的缓存雪崩,是缓存服务器某个节点宕机或断网。因为自然形成的缓存雪崩,一定是在某个时间段集中创建缓存,这个时候,数据库也是可以顶住压力的。无非就是对数据库产生周期性的压力而已。而缓存服务节点的宕机,对数据库服务器造成的压力是不可预知的,很有可能瞬间就把数据库压垮。
解决方案
- redis高可用
这个思想的含义是,既然redis有可能挂掉,那我多增设几台redis,这样一台挂掉之后其他的还可以继续工作,其实就是搭建的集群。(异地多活!) - 限流降级(在SpringCloud讲解过!)
这个解决方案的思想是,在缓存失效后,通过加锁或者队列来控制读数据库写缓存的线程数量。比如对某个key只允许一个线程查询数据和写缓存,其他线程等待。 - 数据预热
数据加热的含义就是在正式部署之前,我先把可能的数据先预先访问一遍,这样部分可能大量访问的数据就会加载到缓存中。在即将发生大并发访问前手动触发加载缓存不同的key,设置不同的过期时间,让缓存失效的时间点尽量均匀。