卡特兰数（Catalan）公式、证明、代码、典例

https://blog.csdn.net/Sherry_Yue/article/details/88364746

1. 定义

卡特兰数（卡塔兰数），英文名Catalan number，是组合数学中一个常出现在各种计数问题中出现的数列。
其前几项为（从第零项开始） :

C0 = 1,         
C1 = 1,         C2 = 2,          C3 = 5,          C4 = 14,          C5 = 42,
C6 = 132,       C7 = 429,        C8 = 1430,       C9 = 4862,        C10 = 16796,
C11 = 58786,    C12 = 208012,    C13 = 742900,    C14 = 2674440,    C15 = 9694845,
C16 = 35357670, C17 = 129644790, C18 = 477638700, C19 = 1767263190, C20 = 6564120420, ...