Executor框架（1）

• Thread和Runnable

我们知道创建线程有2种方式，一种是直接继承Thread类，另外一种就是实现Runnable接口。

public class Thread implements Runnable 

Thread其实也是实现了Runnable接口。提供了可以通过new Thread(runnable).start();这种形式来完成异步任务的执行。

但是因为这种直接new的形式不利于管理、维护以及Thread的后续垃圾回收等可能导致系统性能问题，强烈不建议使用这种形式来完成异步任务。

无论何时当你看到这种形式的代码：

new Thread(runnable).start();
并且你可能最终希望获得一个更加灵活的执行策略时，请认真考虑使用Executor代替Thread。
–摘自《JAVA并发编程实践（中文）》

Runnable的接口， run方法的返回值是void:

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
    public abstract void run();
}

Runable的初衷是希望将任务的执行策略和任务的业务逻辑进行解耦。Runnable是封装业务的内部逻辑。Executor框架是封装执行策略。

无论是通过Thread还是通过Runnable接口都有一个缺陷就是：在执行完任务之后无法获取执行结果。如果需要获取执行结果，就必须通过共享变量或者使用线程通信的方式来达到效果，这样使用起来就比较麻烦。所以Java 1.5开始，就提供了Callable和Future，通过它们可以在任务执行完毕之后得到任务执行结果。

• Callable

java.util.concurrent.Callable.java

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}

可以看到，这是一个泛型接口，call()函数返回的类型就是传递进来的V类型。

那么怎么使用Callable呢？一般情况下是配合ExecutorService来使用的，在java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService接口中声明了若干个submit方法的重载版本：

<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
<T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);
Future<?> submit(Runnable task);

第一个submit方法里面的参数类型就是Callable。
暂时只需要知道Callable一般是和ExecutorService配合来使用的，具体的使用方法讲在后面讲述。
一般情况下我们使用第一个submit方法和第三个submit方法，第二个submit方法很少使用。

• Future

Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果。必要时可以通过get方法获取执行结果，该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果。

Future类位于java.util.concurrent包下，它是一个接口：

package java.util.concurrent;
public interface Future<V> {

    /**
     * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will
     * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
     * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
     * and this task has not started when {@code cancel} is called,
     * this task should never run.  If the task has already started,
     * then the {@code mayInterruptIfRunning} parameter determines
     * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
     * an attempt to stop the task.
     *
     * <p>After this method returns, subsequent calls to {@link #isDone} will
     * always return {@code true}.  Subsequent calls to {@link #isCancelled}
     * will always return {@code true} if this method returned {@code true}.
     *
     * @param mayInterruptIfRunning {@code true} if the thread executing this
     * task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
     * to complete
     * @return {@code false} if the task could not be cancelled,
     * typically because it has already completed normally;
     * {@code true} otherwise
     */
    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
     * normally.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
     */
    boolean isCancelled();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this task completed.
     *
     * Completion may be due to normal termination, an exception, or
     * cancellation -- in all of these cases, this method will return
     * {@code true}.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this task completed
     */
    boolean isDone();

    /**
     * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
     * retrieves its result.
     *
     * @return the computed result
     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
     * exception
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
     * while waiting
     */
    V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;

    /**
     * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
     * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @return the computed result
     * @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
     * @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
     * exception
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
     * while waiting
     * @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
     */
    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

思考运用 V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)方法实现如下业务场景:
在网站启动时（3秒时间）获取后台配置的广告并展示广告，若其他原因没有取到广告或者没有配置启动广告，则展示默认广告。

因为Future只是一个接口，所以是无法直接用来创建对象使用的，因此就有了下面的FutureTask。

• FutureTask

FutureTask是Future接口的一个唯一实现类。
FutureTask的实现：

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>

FutureTask类实现了RunnableFuture接口，我们看一下RunnableFuture接口的实现：

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    void run();
}

可以看出RunnableFuture继承了Runnable接口和Future接口，而FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口。所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行，又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。

FutureTask提供了2个构造器：

public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
}

// 利用Executors提供的方法，将一个Runnable和待返回的结果封装成Callable.
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
}

代码：

public class AdvertisingTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String advertisingUrl ="【默认广告资源】";
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
        AdTask task = new AdTask();
        Future<String> result = executor.submit(task);
        executor.shutdown();
        try {
            // 模拟其他业务操作，比如获取当前用户的信息等等
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
        try {
            try {
                advertisingUrl = result.get(4,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
                System.out.println("task 超时, 取消执行");
                result.cancel(true);
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("获取广告的资源链接"+ advertisingUrl);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
    }
}

class AdTask implements Callable<String> {
    @Override
    public String call() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("获取广告线程在进行进行");
        // 模拟业务耗时
        Thread.sleep(5000);
        for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
            System.out.println(i);
        }
        String advertisingUrl = "【后台配置的广告资源】";
        System.out.println("获取广告线程完成");
        return advertisingUrl;
    }
}

执行结果:

获取广告线程在进行进行
主线程在执行任务
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
task 超时, 取消执行
获取广告线程完成
java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException
	at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:205)
	at com.abel.executorframework.AdvertisingTest.main(AdvertisingTest.java:22)
获取广告的资源链接【默认广告资源】
所有任务执行完毕

总结：
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) 从get方法调用的此刻开始计时的timeout时间内获取结果。
若规定的时间内不能完成任务，我们希望取消任务的后续操作，boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);这个方法的调用只能保证一定触发cancel操作。其cancel的时机和结果没有任何保证。因为到JVM真正完成cancel的时间里，Runnable也同步在执行，状态也一直在变化。