1.C++中预定义的运算符的操作对象只能是基本数据类型。但实际上,对于许多用户自定义类型(例如类),也需要类似的运算操作。这时就必须在C++中重新定义这些运算符,赋予已有运算符新的功能,使它能够用于特定类型执行特定的操作。运算符重载的实质是函数重载,它提供了C++的可扩展性,也是C++最吸引人的特性之一
2.运算符重载是通过创建运算符函数实现的,运算符函数定义了重载的运算符将要进行的操作。运算符函数的定义与其他函数的定义类似,惟一的区别是运算符函数的函数名是由关键字operator和其后要重载的运算符符号构成的。运算符函数定义的一般格式如下
3.上面的operator+就是函数名,意思是“对运算符+重载“。只要掌握这点,这可以发现,这类函数和其他函数在形式上没有什么区别。
例如,想将“+”用于Complex(复数)的加法运算,函数的原型可以是这样的:
Complex operator + (Complex & c1,Complex &c2);
int main()
{
Complex c1(3,4),c2(5,-10),c3;
c3=c1+c2;
}
在main函数中,“c3=c1+c2;”在将运算符+重载为类的成员函数后,C++编译系统将程序中的表达式c1+c2解释为:
c1.operator+(c2);//其中c1+c2是Complex类的对象
即以c2为实参调用c1的运算符重载函数operator+(Complex & c2),进行求值,得到两个复数之和。上面的“operator+”是一个函数名,它是类Complex的成员函数。
对上面的运算符重载函数operator +还可以改写的更简练一些:
Complex Complex::operator+(Complex &c2)
{
return Complex(c2.real+real,c2.imag+imag);
}
return语句中的Complex(c2.real+real,c2.imag+imag)是建立一个临时对象,它没有对象名,是一个无名对象。
在建立临时对象过程中,调用构造函数。return语句将此临时对象作为函数返回值。
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运算符重载时要遵循以下规则:
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运算符函数重载一般有两种形式:重载为类的成员函数和重载为类的非成员函数。
非成员函数通常是友元。(可以把一个运算符作为一个非成员、非友元函数重载。但是,这样的运算符函数访问类的私有和保护成员时,必须使用类的公有接口中提供的设置数据和读取数据的函数,调用这些函数时会降低性能。可以内联这些函数以提高性能。)
成员函数运算符
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当运算符重载为类的成员函数时,函数的参数个数比原来的操作数要少一个(后置单目运算符除外),这是因为成员函数用this指针隐式地访问了类的一个对象,它充当了运算符函数最左边的操作数。因此:
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友元函数运算符
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当运算符重载为类的友元函数时,由于没有隐含的this指针,因此操作数的个数没有变化,所有的操作数都必须通过函数的形参进行传递,函数的参数与操作数自左至右一一对应。
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两种重载形式的比较
在多数情况下,将运算符重载为类的成员函数和类的友元函数都是可以的。但成员函数运算符与友元函数运算符也具有各自的一些特点:
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1.一般运算符重载
在进行对象之间的运算时,程序会调用与运算符相对应的函数进行处理,所以运算符重载有两种方式:成员函数和友元函数。成员函数的形式比较简单,就是在类里面定义了一个与操作符相关的函数。友元函数因为没有this指针,所以形参会多一个。
class A
{
public:
A(int d):data(d){}
A operator+(A&);//成员函数
A operator-(A&);
A operator*(A&);
A operator/(A&);
A operator%(A&);
friend A operator+(A&,A&);//友元函数
friend A operator-(A&,A&);
friend A operator*(A&,A&);
friend A operator/(A&,A&);
friend A operator%(A&,A&);
private:
int data;
};
//成员函数的形式
A A::operator+(A &a)
{
return A(data+a.data);
}
A A::operator-(A &a)
{
return A(data-a.data);
}
A A::operator*(A &a)
{
return A(data*a.data);
}
A A::operator/(A &a)
{
return A(data/a.data);
}
A A::operator%(A &a)
{
return A(data%a.data);
}
//友元函数的形式
A operator+(A &a1,A &a2)
{
return A(a1.data+a2.data);
}
A operator-(A &a1,A &a2)
{
return A(a1.data-a2.data);
}
A operator*(A &a1,A &a2)
{
return A(a1.data*a2.data);
}
A operator/(A &a1,A &a2)
{
return A(a1.data/a2.data);
}
A operator%(A &a1,A &a2)
{
return A(a1.data%a2.data);
}
//然后我们就可以对类的对象进行+、-、*、/了。
void main(void)
{
A a1(1),a2(2),a3(3);
a1=a2+a3;
//或者
a1=a2.operator+(a3);
}
注意:在进行a2+a3的时候会出错,因为我们在上面对+定义了两种方法,去掉一种即可。
2.关系运算符重载
因为函数体比较简单, 后面我就只给出成员函数形式的函数声明了 ,关系运算符有==,!=,<,>,<=,>=。
bool operator == (const A& );
bool operator != (const A& );
bool operator < (const A& );
bool operator <= (const A& );
bool operator > (const A& );
bool operator >= (const A& );
3.逻辑运算符重载
bool operator || (const A& );
bool operator && (const A& );
bool operator ! ();
4.单目运算符重载
这里的+、-是正负的意思,放在对象前面。
A& operator + ();
A& operator - ();
A* operator & ();
A& operator * ();
5.自增减运算符重载
++和–根据位置的不同有四种情况,都可以重载。
A& operator ++ ();//前置++
A operator ++ (int);//后置++
A& operator --();//前置--
A operator -- (int);//后置--
6.位运算符重载
按位操作。
A operator | (const A& );
A operator & (const A& );
A operator ^ (const A& );
A operator << (int i);
A operator >> (int i);
A operator ~ ();
7.赋值运算符重载
没有=哦。
A& operator += (const A& );
A& operator -= (const A& );
A& operator *= (const A& );
A& operator /= (const A& );
A& operator %= (const A& );
A& operator &= (const A& );
A& operator |= (const A& );
A& operator ^= (const A& );
A& operator <<= (int i);
A& operator >>= (int i);
8.内存运算符重载
void *operator new(size_t size);
void *operator new(size_t size, int i);
void *operator new[](size_t size);
void operator delete(void*p);
void operator delete(void*p, int i, int j);
void operator delete [](void* p);
9.特殊运算符重载
上面的运算符重载都有两种方式,而下面的运算符只能用一种,特殊吧。 这些运算符的重载只能是成员函数。
A& operator = (const A& );
char operator [] (int i);//返回值不能作为左值
const char* operator () ();
T operator -> ();
//类型转换符
operator char* () const;
operator int ();
operator const char () const;
operator short int () const;
operator long long () const;
//还有很多就不写了
而这些只能以友元函数的形式重载
friend inline ostream &operator << (ostream&, A&);//输出流
friend inline istream &operator >> (istream&, A&);//输入流