Django视图层

django框架中的视图是用来负责用户请求和返回响应的逻辑程序。

视图简而言之就是一个python函数或方法，接受处理web请求。

视图的响应可以是网页的HTML，重定向或404，XML文档或图像。

视图的代码惯例是放置在一个名为"views.py"的文件中，此文件放在项目或应用程序目录中。其实视图文件名可以自己定义。

1. setting

"""
Django settings for myweb project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 3.0.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/
"""

import os

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))


# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = '0)43e-=-v&7li)atta+p9%9=%-)0jle$e8&as5=iv5=o!c3ho5'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']


# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'myapp',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'myweb.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'myweb.wsgi.application'


# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/#databases

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}


# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]


# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = True


# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/howto/static-files/

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

2. myapp中的urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views
from myapp.views import Myview
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name = "index"),
    path('resp01', views.resp01, name = "resp01"),
    path('resp02', views.resp02, name = "resp02"),
    path('resp03', views.resp03, name = "resp03"),
    path('resp04', Myview.as_view(), name = "resp04"),
    path('resp05', views.resp05, name = "resp05"),
    path('resp06', views.resp06, name = "resp06"),
    path('resp07', views.resp07, name = "resp07"),
    path('verifycode', views.verifycode, name = 'verifycode'),

]

3. views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound,Http404,JsonResponse
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import View
#引入绘图模块
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
#引入随机函数模块
import random

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    # 返回一个模板数据
    return render(request, "myapp/index.html")

def resp01(request):
    return HttpResponse("<h3>一个简单的视图</h3>")

def resp02(request):
    # 直接返回一个404，没有去加载404的模板页面
    # return HttpResponseNotFound('<h1>Page not found</h1>')

    # 可以直接返回一个status状态码。
    # return HttpResponse(status=403)

    # 返回一个404的错误页面
    raise Http404("Poll does not exist")

def resp03(request):
    # redirect重定向，reverse反向解析url地址
    return redirect(reverse('resp01'))

    # # 执行一段js代码，用js重定向
    # return HttpResponse('<script>alert("添加成功");location.href="/resp01";</script>')

    # # 加载一个提醒信息的跳转页面
    # context = {'info':'数据添加成功', 'u':'/userinidex'}
    # return render(request, 'info.html', context)

class Myview(View):

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return HttpResponse("Hello, Views!")   

# json数据响应
def resp05(request):
    data = [
        {'id':1001, 'name':'zhangsan', 'age':20},
        {'id':1002, 'name':'lisi', 'age':22},
        {'id':1003, 'name':'wangwu', 'age':21},
    ]
    return JsonResponse({"data":data})

#Cookie
def resp06(request):
    # # 获取当年的 响应对象
    # response = HttpResponse('cookie的设置')

    # print(request.COOKIES.get('a', None))
    # # 使用响应对象进行cookie的设置
    # response.set_cookie('a', 'abc')

    # # 返回响应对象
    # return response

    m = request.COOKIES.get('num', None)
    if m:
        m = int(m)+1
    else:
        m = 1
    
    response = HttpResponse('cookie记录的计时器值: '+str(m))
    response.set_cookie('num',m)
    return response


def resp07(request):
    print("请求路径", request.path)
    print("请求方法", request.method)
    print("请求编码", request.encoding)
    print(request.GET['id'])
    # print(request.GET.get('id'))
    print(request.GET.get('name'))
    print(request.GET.get('age', 0))

    return HttpResponse("测试request请求对象")

def verifycode(request):
    #定义变量，用于画面的背景色、宽、高
    bgcolor = (random.randrange(20, 100), random.randrange(
        20, 100), 255)
    width = 100
    height = 25
    #创建画面对象
    im = Image.new('RGB', (width, height), bgcolor)
    #创建画笔对象
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
    #调用画笔的point()函数绘制噪点
    for i in range(0, 100):
        xy = (random.randrange(0, width), random.randrange(0, height))
        fill = (random.randrange(0, 255), 255, random.randrange(0, 255))
        draw.point(xy, fill=fill)
    #定义验证码的备选值
    str1 = 'ABCD123EFGHIJK456LMNOPQRS789TUVWXYZ0'
    #随机选取4个值作为验证码
    rand_str = ''
    for i in range(0, 4):
        rand_str += str1[random.randrange(0, len(str1))]
    #构造字体对象
    # font = ImageFont.truetype('static/msyh.ttf', 23)
    font = ImageFont.load_default().font
    #构造字体颜色
    fontcolor = (255, random.randrange(0, 255), random.randrange(0, 255))
    #绘制4个字
    draw.text((5, 2), rand_str[0], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
    draw.text((25, 2), rand_str[1], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
    draw.text((50, 2), rand_str[2], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
    draw.text((75, 2), rand_str[3], font=font, fill=fontcolor)
    #释放画笔
    del draw
    #存入session，用于做进一步验证
    # request.session['verifycode'] = rand_str
    #内存文件操作
    """
    python2的为
    # 内存文件操作
    import cStringIO
    buf = cStringIO.StringIO()
    """
    # 内存文件操作-->此方法为python3的
    import io
    buf = io.BytesIO()
    #将图片保存在内存中，文件类型为png
    im.save(buf, 'png')
    #将内存中的图片数据返回给客户端，MIME类型为图片png
    return HttpResponse(buf.getvalue(), 'image/png')

4.  创建在templates/myapp下的index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Django的视图层</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h2>Django的视图层</h2>
    <ul>
        <li><a href="/resp01">1. 一个简单的视图</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp01' %}">1. 一个简单的视图(通过name名字反向解析)</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp02' %}">2. 返回一个错误</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp03' %}">3. 重定向到1</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp04' %}">4. 基于类的基本视图</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp05' %}">5. json数据响应</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp06' %}">6. Cookie</a></li>
        <li><a href="{% url 'resp07' %}?id=100&name=zhangsan&age=22">7. 测试request请求对象</a></li>   
        <li><a href="{% url 'verifycode' %}">8. 验证码的输出</a></li>     
  
    </ul>
    
    
    <img id='verifycode' src="{% url 'verifycode' %}" alt="CheckCode"/>

</body>
</html>

5.myweb下的urls

"""myweb URL Configuration

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    # path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('',include("myapp.urls"))
]