180122 特征值与特征向量的几何解释与python代码，附matplotlib绘制多边形

How to Plot Polygons in Python
Shapely-Manual
Shapely-Test
3Blue1Brown-线性代数的几何解释
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Shapely-Windows
Shapely-Mac or Linux

• 红色 基坐标(竖着看)
  1 0
  0 1

• 绿色 变换矩阵(竖着看)
  3 1
  0 2

• 蓝色 特征向量(竖着看)
  $1 \frac{-\sqrt{2}}{2}$
  $0 \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$

• 黑色 变换矩阵（左乘）特征向量(竖着看)
  $3 {-\sqrt{2}}$
  $0 \sqrt{2}$

特征向量与特征值得几何含义：
特征向量：原始向量在进行线性旋转变换（左乘矩阵）后仍留在其所张成的空间的向量。
特征值：即特征向量进行线性变换后，留在原空间中变换的比例。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Wed Mar 11 18:51:08 2015
@author: Duncan
A simplified version of linearring.py, one of the shapely examples
"""

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from shapely.geometry.polygon import Polygon
from descartes import PolygonPatch
import numpy as np

def drawArrow1(B,c="data",):

    # fc: filling color
    # ec: edge color
    if c=='data':
        fc='r'
        ec='r'
        s=0.25
    elif c=='transf':
        fc='g'
        ec='g'
        s=0.15
    elif c=='eigenv':
        fc='b'
        ec='b'
        s=0.1
    else:
        fc='k'
        ec='k'
        s=0.08

    ax.arrow(0, 0, B[0], B[1],
             length_includes_head=True,# 增加的长度包含箭头部分
             head_width=s, head_length=s, fc=fc, ec=ec,label='abc')
    # 注意： 默认显示范围[0,1][0,1],需要单独设置图形范围，以便显示箭头
    ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(-3,4,8))
    ax.set_yticks(np.linspace(-1,4,6))
    ax.set_aspect('equal') #x轴y轴等比例

#%%
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
data_origin = np.array([[1,0],[0,1]]) 
data_transf = np.array([[3,1],[0,2]]).T
data = np.vstack((data_origin,data_transf))
c = ['data','data','transf','transf']
for i,j in zip(data,c):
    drawArrow1(i,j)
#%%
D,V = np.linalg.eig(data_transf.T)
c = ['eigenv','eigenv']
for i,j in zip(V.T,c):
    print(i,j)
    drawArrow1(i,j)
ax.grid()
#%%
dt = np.dot(data_transf.T,V).T
drawArrow1(dt[0],c='after transfer')
drawArrow1(dt[1],c='after transfer')
print(dt)
#%%
ring_mixed = Polygon([(0, 0), V.T[0], V.T[1]])
ring_patch = PolygonPatch(ring_mixed,fc='yellow', ec='yellow', alpha=0.5)
ax.add_patch(ring_patch)
#%%
plt.savefig('arrow.png', transparent = True, bbox_inches = 'tight', pad_inches = 0.25)