/*
* CS:APP Data Lab
*
* <齐豪 and U201414745>
*
* bits.c - Source file with your solutions to the Lab.
* This is the file you will hand in to your instructor.
*
* WARNING: Do not include the <stdio.h> header; it confuses the dlc
* compiler. You can still use printf for debugging without including
bZero <stdio.h>, although you might get a compiler warning. In general,
* it's not good practice to ignore compiler warnings, but in this
* case it's OK.
*/
#if 0
/*
* Instructions to Students:
*
* STEP 1: Read the following instructions carefully.
*/
You will provide your solution to the Data Lab by
editing the collection of functions in this source file.
INTEGER CODING RULES:
Replace the "return" statement in each function with one
or more lines of C code that implements the function. Your code
must conform to the following style:
int Funct(arg1, arg2, ...) {
/* brief description of how your implementation works */
int var1 = Expr1;
...
lsbZeroint varM = ExprM;
varJ = ExprJ;
...
varN = ExprN;
return ExprR;
}
Each "Expr" is an expression using ONLY the following:
1. Integer constants 0 through 255 (0xFF), inclusive. You are
not allowed to use big constants such as 0xffffffff.
2. Function arguments and local variables (no global variables).
3. Unary integer operations ! ~
4. Binary integer operations & ^ | + << >>
Some of the problems restrict the set of allowed operators even further.
Each "Expr" may consist of multiple operators. You are not restricted to
one operator per line.
You are expressly forbidden to:
bZero1. Use any control constructs such as if, do, while, for, switch, etc.
2. Define or use any macros.
3. Define any additional functions in this file.
4. Call any functions.
5. Use any other operations, such as &&, ||, -, or ?:
6. Use any form of casting.
7. Use any data type other than int. This implies that you
cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
You may assume that your machine:
1. Uses 2s complement, 32-bit representations of integers.
2. Performs right shifts arithmetically.
3. Has unpredictable behavior when shifting an integer by more
than the word size.
EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE CODING STYLE:
/*
* pow2plus1 - returns 2^x + 1, where 0 <= x <= 31
*/
int pow2plus1(int x) {
/* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
return (1 << x) + 1;
}
/*
* pow2plus4 - returns 2^x + 4, where 0 <= x <= 31
*/
int pow2plus4(int x) {
/* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
ilsbZeront result = (1 << x);
result += 4;
return result;
}
FLOATING POINT CODING RULES
For the problems that require you to implent floating-point operations,
the coding rules are less strict. You are allowed to use looping and
conditional control. You are allowed to use both ints and unsigneds.
You can use alsbZerorbitrary integer and unsigned constants.
You are expressly forbidden to:
1. Define or use any macros.
2. Define any additional functions in this file.
3. Call any functions.
4. Use any form of casting.
5. Use any data type other than int or unsigned. This means that you
cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
6. Use any floating point data types, operations, or constants.
NOTES:
1. Use the dlc (data lab checker) compiler (described in the handout) to
check the legality of your solutions.
2. Each function has a maximum number of operators (! ~ & ^ | + << >>)
that you are allowed to use for your implementation of the function.
The max operator count is checked by dlc. Note that '=' is not
counted; you may use as many of these as you want without penalty.
3. Use the btest test harness to check your functions for correctness.
4. Use the lsbZeroBDD checker to formally verify your functions
5. The maximum number of ops for each function is given in the
header comment for each function. If there are any inconsistencies
between the maximum ops in the writeup and in this file, consider
this file the authoritative source.
/*
* STEP 2: Modify the following functions according the coding rules.
*
* IMPORTANT. TO AVOID GRADING SURPRISES:
* 1. Use the dlc compiler to check that your solutions conform
* to the coding rules.
* 2. Use the BDD checker to formally verify that your solutions produce
* the correct answers.
*/
#endif
/* Copyright (C) 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
/* This header is separate from features.h so that the compiler can
include it implicitly at the start of every compilation. It must
not itself include <features.h> or any other header that includes
<features.h> because the implicit include comes before any feature
test macros that may be defined in a source file before it first
explicitly includes a system header. GCC knows the name of this
header in order to preinclude it. */
/* glibc's intent is to support the IEC 559 math functionality, real
and complex. If the GCC (4.9 and later) predefined macros
specifying compiler intent are available, use them to determine
whether the overall intent is to support these features; otherwise,
presume an older compiler has intent to support these features and
define these macros by default. */
/* wchar_t uses ISO/IEC 10646 (2nd ed., published 2011-03-15) /
Unicode 6.0. */
/* We do not support C11 <threads.h>. */
/*
* lsbZero - set 0 to the least significant bit of x
* Example: lsbZero(0x87654321) = 0x87654320
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 5
* Rating: 1
*/
int lsbZero(int x) {
return (x>>1) << 1; //左移一位补0
}
/*
* byteNot - bit-inversion to byte n from word x
* Bytes numbered from 0 (LSB) to 3 (MSB)
* Examples: getByteNot(0x12345678,1) = 0x1234A978
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 6
* Rating: 2
*/
int byteNot(int x, int n) {
int temp = 0xFF;
temp = temp << (n << 3); //0xFF << (8*n);
return x ^ temp; //指定字节与1异或，按位取反
}
/*
* byteXor - compare the nth byte of x and y, if it is same, return 0, if not, return 1
* example: byteXor(0x12345678, 0x87654321, 1) = 1
* byteXor(0x12345678, 0x87344321, 2) = 0
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 2
*/
int byteXor(int x, int y, int n) {
int temp = ((x ^ y) >> (n << 3)) & 0xFF; //先异或，相同为0，再取出指定字节
return !!temp; //temp为0, return 0, temp不为0，return 1;
}
/*
* logicalAnd - x && y
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int logicalAnd(int x, int y) {
return (!!x) & (!!y); //!!x, 若x = 0，!!x为0, 若x != 0, !!x为1
}
/*
* logicalOr - x || y
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int logicalOr(int x, int y) {
return (!!x) | (!!y); //!!x, 若x = 0，!!x为0, 若x != 0, !!x为1
}
/*
* rotateLeft - Rotate x to the left by n
* Can assume that 0 <= n <= 31
* Examples: rotateLeft(0x87654321,4) = 0x76543218
* Legal ops: ~ & ^ | + << >> !
* Max ops: 25
* Rating: 3
*/
int rotateLeft(int x, int n) {
int H = x << n; //取出低(32 - n)位，放到高位，低n位为0
int L = (x >> (32 + ~n + 1)) & ~((~0) << n); //取出高n位，放到低n位，其余位为0
return H | L;
}
/*
* parityCheck - returns 1 if x contains an odd number of 1's
* Examples: parityCheck(5) = 0, parityCheck(7) = 1
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 4
*/
int parityCheck(int x) {
//异或也叫半加运算，其运算法则相当于不带进位的二进制加法
x = x ^ (x >> 16); //高16位与低16位按位加
x = x ^ (x >> 8);
x = x ^ (x >> 4);
x = x ^ (x >> 2);
x = x ^ (x >> 1);
return x & 0x1;
}
/*
* mul2OK - Determine if can compute 2*x without overflow
* Examples: mul2OK(0x30000000) = 1
* mul2OK(0x40000000) = 0
*
* Legal ops: ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 2
*/
int mul2OK(int x) {
int signx = (x >> 31) & 0x1; //取出x的符号位
int sign2x = ((x << 1) >> 31) & 0x1; //取出2*x的符号位
int equal = (~(signx ^ sign2x)) & 0x1; //判断二个符号位是否相等,相等equal为1
return equal;
}
/*
* mult3div2 - multiplies by 3/2 rounding toward 0,
* Should exactly duplicate effect of C expression (x*3/2),
* including overflow behavior.
* Examples: mult3div2(11) = 16
* mult3div2(-9) = -13
* mult3div2(1073741824) = -536870912(overflow)
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 12
* Rating: 2
*/
int mult3div2(int x) {
int t = (x << 1) + x; //t = 3*x
int LSB = t & 0x1; //取出最低位
int sign = (t >> 31) & 0x1; //取出符号位
int ans = (t >> 1); //ans = 3*x/2;
ans += (LSB & sign); //rounding toward 0;
return ans;
}
/*
* subOK - Determine if can compute x-y without overflow
* Example: subOK(0x80000000,0x80000000) = 1,
* subOK(0x80000000,0x70000000) = 0,
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int subOK(int x, int y) {
int ans = x + (~y + 1); //ans = x - y;
return !(((ans ^ x) & (x ^ y)) >> 31);
//当且仅当二个加数的符号位相同，而与他们的和的符号位不同，发生溢出
}
/*
* absVal - absolute value of x
* Example: absVal(-1) = 1.
* You may assume -TMax <= x <= TMax
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 10
* Rating: 4
*/
int absVal(int x) {
int sign = (x >> 31) & 0x1; //取符号位
int move = sign + ~0L; //设计逻辑尺，当x为正数时，move = 111111...
//当x为负数时，move = 0000000...
x = (move & x) | (~move & (~x + 1)); //实现(x>0) ? x : -x;
return x;
}
/*
* float_abs - Return bit-level equivalent of absolute value of f for
* floating point argument f.
* Both the argument and result are passed as unsigned int's, but
* they are to be interpreted as the bit-level representations of
* single-precision floating point values.
* When argument is NaN, return argument..
* Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
* Max ops: 10
* Rating: 2
*/
unsigned float_abs(unsigned uf) {
unsigned ans = uf & 0x7FFFFFFF; //符号位设为0
if (ans > 0x7F800000) //如果时非数，返回uf本身
return uf ;
else
return ans;
}
/*
* float_f2i - Return bit-level equivalent of expression (int) f
* for floating point argument f.
* Argument is passed as unsigned int, but
* it is to be interpreted as the bit-level representation of a
* single-precision floating point value.
* Anything out of range (including NaN and infinity) should return
* 0x80000000u.
* Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
* Max ops: 30
* Rating: 4
*/
int float_f2i(unsigned uf) {
unsigned sign = uf >> 31; //取符号位
int exp = (uf >>23) & 0xFF; //取阶码
unsigned frac = uf & 0x7FFFFF; //取尾数
exp -= 127;
if(exp > 30 || exp == 0xFF) //超出int表示范围
return 0x80000000u;
if(exp < 0)
return 0;
frac |= (1 << 23); //frac前面填上1
if(exp >= 23) //移位
frac <<= (exp - 23);
else if(exp >= 0)
frac >>= (23 - exp);
if(sign == 1) //判断是否为负数
return (~frac) + 1;
else
return frac;
}
* CS:APP Data Lab
*
* <齐豪 and U201414745>
*
* bits.c - Source file with your solutions to the Lab.
* This is the file you will hand in to your instructor.
*
* WARNING: Do not include the <stdio.h> header; it confuses the dlc
* compiler. You can still use printf for debugging without including
bZero <stdio.h>, although you might get a compiler warning. In general,
* it's not good practice to ignore compiler warnings, but in this
* case it's OK.
*/
#if 0
/*
* Instructions to Students:
*
* STEP 1: Read the following instructions carefully.
*/
You will provide your solution to the Data Lab by
editing the collection of functions in this source file.
INTEGER CODING RULES:
Replace the "return" statement in each function with one
or more lines of C code that implements the function. Your code
must conform to the following style:
int Funct(arg1, arg2, ...) {
/* brief description of how your implementation works */
int var1 = Expr1;
...
lsbZeroint varM = ExprM;
varJ = ExprJ;
...
varN = ExprN;
return ExprR;
}
Each "Expr" is an expression using ONLY the following:
1. Integer constants 0 through 255 (0xFF), inclusive. You are
not allowed to use big constants such as 0xffffffff.
2. Function arguments and local variables (no global variables).
3. Unary integer operations ! ~
4. Binary integer operations & ^ | + << >>
Some of the problems restrict the set of allowed operators even further.
Each "Expr" may consist of multiple operators. You are not restricted to
one operator per line.
You are expressly forbidden to:
bZero1. Use any control constructs such as if, do, while, for, switch, etc.
2. Define or use any macros.
3. Define any additional functions in this file.
4. Call any functions.
5. Use any other operations, such as &&, ||, -, or ?:
6. Use any form of casting.
7. Use any data type other than int. This implies that you
cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
You may assume that your machine:
1. Uses 2s complement, 32-bit representations of integers.
2. Performs right shifts arithmetically.
3. Has unpredictable behavior when shifting an integer by more
than the word size.
EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE CODING STYLE:
/*
* pow2plus1 - returns 2^x + 1, where 0 <= x <= 31
*/
int pow2plus1(int x) {
/* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
return (1 << x) + 1;
}
/*
* pow2plus4 - returns 2^x + 4, where 0 <= x <= 31
*/
int pow2plus4(int x) {
/* exploit ability of shifts to compute powers of 2 */
ilsbZeront result = (1 << x);
result += 4;
return result;
}
FLOATING POINT CODING RULES
For the problems that require you to implent floating-point operations,
the coding rules are less strict. You are allowed to use looping and
conditional control. You are allowed to use both ints and unsigneds.
You can use alsbZerorbitrary integer and unsigned constants.
You are expressly forbidden to:
1. Define or use any macros.
2. Define any additional functions in this file.
3. Call any functions.
4. Use any form of casting.
5. Use any data type other than int or unsigned. This means that you
cannot use arrays, structs, or unions.
6. Use any floating point data types, operations, or constants.
NOTES:
1. Use the dlc (data lab checker) compiler (described in the handout) to
check the legality of your solutions.
2. Each function has a maximum number of operators (! ~ & ^ | + << >>)
that you are allowed to use for your implementation of the function.
The max operator count is checked by dlc. Note that '=' is not
counted; you may use as many of these as you want without penalty.
3. Use the btest test harness to check your functions for correctness.
4. Use the lsbZeroBDD checker to formally verify your functions
5. The maximum number of ops for each function is given in the
header comment for each function. If there are any inconsistencies
between the maximum ops in the writeup and in this file, consider
this file the authoritative source.
/*
* STEP 2: Modify the following functions according the coding rules.
*
* IMPORTANT. TO AVOID GRADING SURPRISES:
* 1. Use the dlc compiler to check that your solutions conform
* to the coding rules.
* 2. Use the BDD checker to formally verify that your solutions produce
* the correct answers.
*/
#endif
/* Copyright (C) 1991-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
/* This header is separate from features.h so that the compiler can
include it implicitly at the start of every compilation. It must
not itself include <features.h> or any other header that includes
<features.h> because the implicit include comes before any feature
test macros that may be defined in a source file before it first
explicitly includes a system header. GCC knows the name of this
header in order to preinclude it. */
/* glibc's intent is to support the IEC 559 math functionality, real
and complex. If the GCC (4.9 and later) predefined macros
specifying compiler intent are available, use them to determine
whether the overall intent is to support these features; otherwise,
presume an older compiler has intent to support these features and
define these macros by default. */
/* wchar_t uses ISO/IEC 10646 (2nd ed., published 2011-03-15) /
Unicode 6.0. */
/* We do not support C11 <threads.h>. */
/*
* lsbZero - set 0 to the least significant bit of x
* Example: lsbZero(0x87654321) = 0x87654320
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 5
* Rating: 1
*/
int lsbZero(int x) {
return (x>>1) << 1; //左移一位补0
}
/*
* byteNot - bit-inversion to byte n from word x
* Bytes numbered from 0 (LSB) to 3 (MSB)
* Examples: getByteNot(0x12345678,1) = 0x1234A978
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 6
* Rating: 2
*/
int byteNot(int x, int n) {
int temp = 0xFF;
temp = temp << (n << 3); //0xFF << (8*n);
return x ^ temp; //指定字节与1异或，按位取反
}
/*
* byteXor - compare the nth byte of x and y, if it is same, return 0, if not, return 1
* example: byteXor(0x12345678, 0x87654321, 1) = 1
* byteXor(0x12345678, 0x87344321, 2) = 0
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 2
*/
int byteXor(int x, int y, int n) {
int temp = ((x ^ y) >> (n << 3)) & 0xFF; //先异或，相同为0，再取出指定字节
return !!temp; //temp为0, return 0, temp不为0，return 1;
}
/*
* logicalAnd - x && y
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int logicalAnd(int x, int y) {
return (!!x) & (!!y); //!!x, 若x = 0，!!x为0, 若x != 0, !!x为1
}
/*
* logicalOr - x || y
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int logicalOr(int x, int y) {
return (!!x) | (!!y); //!!x, 若x = 0，!!x为0, 若x != 0, !!x为1
}
/*
* rotateLeft - Rotate x to the left by n
* Can assume that 0 <= n <= 31
* Examples: rotateLeft(0x87654321,4) = 0x76543218
* Legal ops: ~ & ^ | + << >> !
* Max ops: 25
* Rating: 3
*/
int rotateLeft(int x, int n) {
int H = x << n; //取出低(32 - n)位，放到高位，低n位为0
int L = (x >> (32 + ~n + 1)) & ~((~0) << n); //取出高n位，放到低n位，其余位为0
return H | L;
}
/*
* parityCheck - returns 1 if x contains an odd number of 1's
* Examples: parityCheck(5) = 0, parityCheck(7) = 1
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 4
*/
int parityCheck(int x) {
//异或也叫半加运算，其运算法则相当于不带进位的二进制加法
x = x ^ (x >> 16); //高16位与低16位按位加
x = x ^ (x >> 8);
x = x ^ (x >> 4);
x = x ^ (x >> 2);
x = x ^ (x >> 1);
return x & 0x1;
}
/*
* mul2OK - Determine if can compute 2*x without overflow
* Examples: mul2OK(0x30000000) = 1
* mul2OK(0x40000000) = 0
*
* Legal ops: ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 2
*/
int mul2OK(int x) {
int signx = (x >> 31) & 0x1; //取出x的符号位
int sign2x = ((x << 1) >> 31) & 0x1; //取出2*x的符号位
int equal = (~(signx ^ sign2x)) & 0x1; //判断二个符号位是否相等,相等equal为1
return equal;
}
/*
* mult3div2 - multiplies by 3/2 rounding toward 0,
* Should exactly duplicate effect of C expression (x*3/2),
* including overflow behavior.
* Examples: mult3div2(11) = 16
* mult3div2(-9) = -13
* mult3div2(1073741824) = -536870912(overflow)
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 12
* Rating: 2
*/
int mult3div2(int x) {
int t = (x << 1) + x; //t = 3*x
int LSB = t & 0x1; //取出最低位
int sign = (t >> 31) & 0x1; //取出符号位
int ans = (t >> 1); //ans = 3*x/2;
ans += (LSB & sign); //rounding toward 0;
return ans;
}
/*
* subOK - Determine if can compute x-y without overflow
* Example: subOK(0x80000000,0x80000000) = 1,
* subOK(0x80000000,0x70000000) = 0,
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 20
* Rating: 3
*/
int subOK(int x, int y) {
int ans = x + (~y + 1); //ans = x - y;
return !(((ans ^ x) & (x ^ y)) >> 31);
//当且仅当二个加数的符号位相同，而与他们的和的符号位不同，发生溢出
}
/*
* absVal - absolute value of x
* Example: absVal(-1) = 1.
* You may assume -TMax <= x <= TMax
* Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >>
* Max ops: 10
* Rating: 4
*/
int absVal(int x) {
int sign = (x >> 31) & 0x1; //取符号位
int move = sign + ~0L; //设计逻辑尺，当x为正数时，move = 111111...
//当x为负数时，move = 0000000...
x = (move & x) | (~move & (~x + 1)); //实现(x>0) ? x : -x;
return x;
}
/*
* float_abs - Return bit-level equivalent of absolute value of f for
* floating point argument f.
* Both the argument and result are passed as unsigned int's, but
* they are to be interpreted as the bit-level representations of
* single-precision floating point values.
* When argument is NaN, return argument..
* Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
* Max ops: 10
* Rating: 2
*/
unsigned float_abs(unsigned uf) {
unsigned ans = uf & 0x7FFFFFFF; //符号位设为0
if (ans > 0x7F800000) //如果时非数，返回uf本身
return uf ;
else
return ans;
}
/*
* float_f2i - Return bit-level equivalent of expression (int) f
* for floating point argument f.
* Argument is passed as unsigned int, but
* it is to be interpreted as the bit-level representation of a
* single-precision floating point value.
* Anything out of range (including NaN and infinity) should return
* 0x80000000u.
* Legal ops: Any integer/unsigned operations incl. ||, &&. also if, while
* Max ops: 30
* Rating: 4
*/
int float_f2i(unsigned uf) {
unsigned sign = uf >> 31; //取符号位
int exp = (uf >>23) & 0xFF; //取阶码
unsigned frac = uf & 0x7FFFFF; //取尾数
exp -= 127;
if(exp > 30 || exp == 0xFF) //超出int表示范围
return 0x80000000u;
if(exp < 0)
return 0;
frac |= (1 << 23); //frac前面填上1
if(exp >= 23) //移位
frac <<= (exp - 23);
else if(exp >= 0)
frac >>= (23 - exp);
if(sign == 1) //判断是否为负数
return (~frac) + 1;
else
return frac;
}
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