异常捕获
在python程序中，我们需要让代码输出异常
在代码中异常是可以捕获的，但是错误无法被捕获
所以我们现在是在捕获异常
#捕获异常
try:
with open('testq123') as f :
pass
except :
print ('cuowu')
print ('cuowu1')
#输出什么？文件不存在的情况下
输出：
cuowu
cuowu1
#此时就是异常而不是错误，
def of1():
try:
print ('test1')
c = 1/0 #除零异常
print ('test2')
except:
print('whwhw')
print ('who?')
of1()
#会输出什么？当除零异常后会在继续执行 print（‘test2’）的语句吗？
输出：
test1
whwhw
who?
#从此我们发现我们的try 是一个捕获异常的语句，当try中语句出现异常他会输出except的语句。
#那么except 她又能捕获什么异常呢？
#针对捕获类型
def foo():
try:
print ('test1')
c = 1/0
print ('test2')
except ArithmeticError: #指定捕获类型
print ('who')
print ('who?')
foo()
#捕获类型为ArithmeticError计算错误，里面吗包含了
# +-- FloatingPointError
# | +-- OverflowError
# | +-- ZeroDivisionError
#这个东西需要联系后边才能得心应手
#python 错误类型
# Python异常的继承
# BaseException
# +-- SystemExit
# +-- KeyboardInterrupt
# +-- GeneratorExit
# +-- Exception
# +-- RuntimeError
# | +-- RecursionError
# +-- MemoryError
# +-- NameError
# +-- StopIteration
# +-- StopAsyncIteration
# +-- ArithmeticError
# | +-- FloatingPointError
# | +-- OverflowError
# | +-- ZeroDivisionError
# +-- LookupError
# | +-- IndexError
# | +-- KeyError
# +-- SyntaxError
# +-- OSError
# | +-- BlockingIOError
# | +-- ChildProcessError
# | +-- ConnectionError
# | | +-- BrokenPipeError
# | | +-- ConnectionAbortedError
# | | +-- ConnectionRefusedError
# | | +-- ConnectionResetError
# | +-- FileExistsError
# | +-- FileNotFoundError
# | +-- InterruptedError
# | +-- IsADirectoryError
# | +-- NotADirectoryError
# | +-- PermissionError
# | +-- ProcessLookupError
# | +-- TimeoutError
import sys #引入系统模块需要使用
#测试
print ('test----1')
sys.exit(1)
print ('test----2') #是否执行
try:
print ('test1')
sys.exit(1)
print('test2') #是否能够执行
except SystemExit:
print ('test3')
print ('test4')#是否能够执行
#当指定异常类型那么捕获会不会生效，又有什么作用？？
输出：
test1
test3
test4
#他会输出 1 3 4 但是不会输出 2 那么就说明异常已经捕获
#exception是所有内建的，非系统退出的异常的基类（父类），自定义异常都应该继承于他
def a()
try:
a5 = 0
except :
print ('11')
#python将这种错误也归到异类exception的子类中，但是这种错误他是不可捕获的
#我们做一个终结参数
import time
try:
while True:
time.sleep(1)
print ('running')
except KeyboardInterrupt: #键值终端
print ("Ctrl + C")
print ('**' * 30 )
#原理就是try里一个死循环然后每隔一秒输出running
#ArithmeticError 所有算术的异常捕获 之前使用过在除零异常中
#lookupErroe 使用映射的键或者序列索引无效时引发的基类异常，index Error key Error
#那么我们知道exception 是所有错误的基类，那么我们就可以自定义错误类。
class MyException(Exception): #自定义错误类
pass
try:
raise MyException()
except MyException:
print ('chuci')
#Exception源码
class Exception(BaseException):
""" Common base class for all non-exit exceptions. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
class ArithmeticError(Exception):
""" Base class for arithmetic errors. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
class AssertionError(Exception):
""" Assertion failed. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
class AttributeError(Exception):
""" Attribute not found. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
class WindowsError(Exception):
""" Base class for I/O related errors. """
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return str(self). """
pass
characters_written = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
errno = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""POSIX exception code"""
filename = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""exception filename"""
filename2 = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""second exception filename"""
strerror = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""exception strerror"""
winerror = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""Win32 exception code"""
#可以看到exception还有基类（BaseException），里面写了魔术方法，这就是底层源码了，包括增删改查初始化
class BaseException(object):
""" Common base class for all exceptions """
def with_traceback(self, tb): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Exception.with_traceback(tb) --
set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.
"""
pass
def __delattr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement delattr(self, name). """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __setattr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement setattr(self, name, value). """
pass
def __setstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass
def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return str(self). """
pass
args = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
__cause__ = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""exception cause"""
__context__ = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""exception context"""
__suppress_context__ = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
__traceback__ = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
__dict__ = None # (!) real value is "mappingproxy({'__repr__': <slot wrapper '__repr__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__str__': <slot wrapper '__str__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__getattribute__': <slot wrapper '__getattribute__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__setattr__': <slot wrapper '__setattr__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__delattr__': <slot wrapper '__delattr__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__init__': <slot wrapper '__init__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__new__': <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x00007FFE2F3E4F50>, '__reduce__': <method '__reduce__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__setstate__': <method '__setstate__' of 'BaseException' objects>, 'with_traceback': <method 'with_traceback' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__suppress_context__': <member '__suppress_context__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'BaseException' objects>, 'args': <attribute 'args' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__traceback__': <attribute '__traceback__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__context__': <attribute '__context__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__cause__': <attribute '__cause__' of 'BaseException' objects>, '__doc__': 'Common base class for all exceptions'})"
#看完那一套复杂的 我们看一下简单的那就是finally，这是一个始终会输出的语句，就算是捕获到异常他也会输出为了一些必要操作
try:
p = open('D:\syslog.txt')
except FileExistsError as e :
print ('{} {} {} '.format(e.__class__,e.errno,e.strerror))
finally:
print ('worker stop ')
p.close()
#也可以加一些条件判断，做一些抉择
try:
p = open('D:\syslog.txt')
except FileExistsError as e :
print ('{} {} {} '.format(e.__class__,e.errno,e.strerror))
finally:
print ('worker stop ')
if p :
p.close()
#也可以在finally中再捕获异常然后在输出
try:
f = open('D:\syslog.txt')
except FileExistsError as e :
print ('{}'.format(e))
finally:
print ('worker stop')
try:
f.close()
except Exception as e :
print (e)
#也可以在try中套try进行输出
try:
try:
i = 1/0
except KeyError as e :
print (1,e)
finally:
print (2,'worker ')
except FileNotFoundError as e :
print (3,e)
finally:
print (4,'worker inine ')
try:
ret = 1 * 0
except ArithmeticError as e :
print ('{}'.format(e))
else:
print( 'os')
finally:
print ('worker init')
#多种异常捕获
class MyException(Exception):
pass
try:
a = 1/0
raise MyException()
open('t')
sys.exit(1)
except ZeroDivisionError as e :
print ('除零异常')
except ArithmeticError as e :
print ('Ari error')
except MyException as e :
print ('my error')
except Exception as e :
print ('Exception ')
except :
print ('default error')
print ('end -----------')
#他会先raise 然后再输出错误数据，匹配到除零异常。
#捕获规则
#1.捕获是从上到下依次匹配，匹配则输出except
#2.如果被一个except捕获，那么其他的except就不会再捕获了
#3.如果没有捕获到异常则会向外层抛出
#4.expect为缺省捕获，最后一个必须为缺省防止向外层抛出
#捕获规则，从小打到，从具体到 宽泛
class A:pass
try:
1/0
raise A
raise A()
raise 1
raise "abc"
except Exception as e :
print (type(e),e)
#as 到底输出什么？
#raise 后要求应该是baseEXception类的子类或实例，如果是类则需要被无参实例化，自定义应该是exception的子类
#raise 后什么都没有，抛出一个已经被激活的类，如果没有被激活的异常，则抛出类型异常。
总结：
try
#运行代码
except #异常类
#捕获某种类型的异常
except #异常类 as 变量名称
#捕获某种异常类的对象
else
#如果没有发生异常需要执行的语句
finally
#推出try需要执行的语句
#工作原理
#1.如果try中发生异常会搜索except子句，并执行匹配的第一个的异常子句
#2.如果try中发生异常并没有匹配的except子句，那则会向外层try抛出，如果始终没有被捕获则会终止异常线程
#3.如果try中没有发生异常，则会执行else语句。
#4.无论try中有无异常finally都会执行。
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