result=${value:-word} 若value不存在,则word赋值给result
result=${value-word} 若value不存在,则word赋值给result
result=${value:=word} 若value不存在,则word同时赋值给result和value
result=${value:?”not defined”} 若value不存在,则显示:-bash :value:not defined
result=${value:+word} 若value存在,则word赋值给result