零基础入门数据挖掘 - 二手车交易价格预测-Task2数据分析

一、EDA-数据探索性分析

1.1 EDA目标

• 熟悉数据集，了解数据集，对数据集进行验证以确保该数据集可用于机器学习/深度学习使用
• 了解变量间的相互关系以及变量与预测值之间的关系
• 数据处理与特征工程
• 对于数据进行一些图表或文字总结

1.2 内容介绍

1.载入各种数据科学以及可视化库：

• 数据科学库：pandas、numpy、scipy；
• 可视化库：matplotlib、seabon；
• 其他；

#coding:utf-8
#导入warnings包，利用过滤器来实现忽略警告语句。
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import missingno as msno #缺失值的可视化处理

2.载入数据：

• 载入训练集、测试集；
• 简略观察数据（head()+shape）；

# 1数据读取pandas
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
##载入训练集和测试集
path = './datalab/'
Train_data = pd.read_csv(path+'used_car_train_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
Test_data = pd.read_csv(path+'used_car_testA_20200313.csv' , sep=' ')
##查看数据
Train_data.shape
Train_data.head().append(Train_data.tail())

3.数据总览：

• 通过describe()来熟悉数据的相关统计量；
    describe()中有每列的统计量：个数count、 平均值mean、方差std、最小值min、中位数25%50%75%、最大值
• 通过info()来熟悉数据类型；
    了解数据每列的type

#熟悉数据的相关统计量
Train_data.describe()
#熟悉数据类型
Train_data.info()

4.判断数据缺失和异常

• 查看每列NaN存在情况；
    主要的目的在于 nan存在的个数是否真的很大，如果很小一般选择填充，如果使用lgb等树模型可以直接空缺，让树自己去优化，但如果nan存在的过多、可以考虑删掉.
• 异常值检测；

#查看每列存在nan的情况
Train_data.isnull().sum()

#nan可视化
missing = Train_data.isnull().sum()
missing = missing[missing > 0]
missing.sort_values(inplace=True)
missing.plot.bar()

#可视化看缺省值
msno.matrix(Train_data.sample(250))
msno.bar(Train_data.sample(1000))

#查看异常值
Train_data.info()
#根据观察可以看出除了notRepairedDamage为object类型，其他都是数字
Train_data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()
#将'-'更换为nan
Train-data['notRepairedDamage'].replace('-',np.nan,inplace=True)
Train_data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()
Train_data.isnull().sum()
#通过观察看出'seller''offerType'这两个类别特征严重倾斜，对预测没有什么帮助，故删除
Train_data['seller'].value_counts()
Train_data['offerType'].value_counts()
del Train_data['seller']
del Train_data['offerType']
del Test_data['seller']
del Test_data['offerType']

5.了解预测值的分布

• 总体分布概况（无界约翰逊分布等）；
• 查看skewness and kurtosis¹；
• 查看预测值的具体频数；

Train_data['price']
Train_data['price'].value_counts()

#总体分布概况（无界约翰逊分布等）
import scipy.stats as st
y = Train_data['price']
plt.figure(1); plt.title('Johnson SU')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.johnsonsu)
plt.figure(2); plt.title('Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.norm)
plt.figure(3); plt.title('Log Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.lognorm)

## 2) 查看skewness and kurtosis
sns.distplot(Train_data['price']);
print("Skewness: %f" % Train_data['price'].skew())
print("Kurtosis: %f" % Train_data['price'].kurt())
Train_data.skew(), Train_data.kurt()
sns.distplot(Train_data.skew(),color='blue',axlabel ='Skewness')
sns.distplot(Train_data.kurt(),color='orange',axlabel ='Kurtness')

## 3) 查看预测值的具体频数
plt.hist(Train_data['price'], orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red')
plt.show()

# log变换 z之后的分布较均匀，可以进行log变换进行预测，这也是预测问题常用的trick
plt.hist(np.log(Train_data['price']), orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red') 
plt.show()

6.特征分为类别特征和数字特征，并对类别特征查看unique分布

# 分离label即预测值
Y_train = Train_data['price']

# 这个区别方式适用于没有直接label coding的数据
# 这里不适用，需要人为根据实际含义来区分
# 数字特征
# numeric_features = Train_data.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
# numeric_features.columns
# # 类型特征
# categorical_features = Train_data.select_dtypes(include=[np.object])
# categorical_features.columns

numeric_features = ['power', 'kilometer', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13','v_14' ]

categorical_features = ['name', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType', 'gearbox', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',]

# 特征nunique分布
for cat_fea in categorical_features:
    print(cat_fea + "的特征分布如下：")
    print("{}特征有个{}不同的值".format(cat_fea, Train_data[cat_fea].nunique()))
    print(Train_data[cat_fea].value_counts())

7.数字特征分析

• 相关性分析
• 查看几个特征的偏度和峰值
• 每个数字特征的分布可视化
• 数字特征相互之间的关系可视化²
• 多变量互相回归关系可视化

numeric_features.append('price')
numeric_features
Train_data.head()

## 1) 相关性分析
price_numeric = Train_data[numeric_features]
correlation = price_numeric.corr()
print(correlation['price'].sort_values(ascending = False),'\n')

f , ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
plt.title('Correlation of Numeric Features with Price',y=1,size=16)
sns.heatmap(correlation,square = True,  vmax=0.8)
del price_numeric['price']

## 2) 查看几个特征得 偏度和峰值
for col in numeric_features:
    print('{:15}'.format(col), 
          'Skewness: {:05.2f}'.format(Train_data[col].skew()) , 
          '   ' ,
          'Kurtosis: {:06.2f}'.format(Train_data[col].kurt())  
         )
## 3) 每个数字特征得分布可视化
f = pd.melt(Train_data, value_vars=numeric_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False)
g = g.map(sns.distplot, "value")

## 4) 数字特征相互之间的关系可视化
sns.set()
columns = ['price', 'v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5',  'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
sns.pairplot(Train_data[columns],size = 2 ,kind ='scatter',diag_kind='kde')
plt.show()
Train_data.columns
Y_train

## 5) 多变量互相回归关系可视化
fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4), (ax5, ax6), (ax7, ax8), (ax9, ax10)) = plt.subplots(nrows=5, ncols=2, figsize=(24, 20))
# ['v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5',  'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
v_12_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_12']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_12',y = 'price', data = v_12_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax1)

v_8_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_8']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_8',y = 'price',data = v_8_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax2)

v_0_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_0']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_0',y = 'price',data = v_0_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax3)

power_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['power']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='power',y = 'price',data = power_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax4)

v_5_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_5']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_5',y = 'price',data = v_5_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax5)

v_2_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_2']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_2',y = 'price',data = v_2_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax6)

v_6_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_6']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_6',y = 'price',data = v_6_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax7)

v_1_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_1']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_1',y = 'price',data = v_1_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax8)

v_14_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_14']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_14',y = 'price',data = v_14_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax9)

v_13_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_13']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_13',y = 'price',data = v_13_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax10)

8.类别特征分析

• unique分布
• 类别特征箱形图可视化
• 类别特征的小提琴图可视化
• 类别特征的柱状图可视化类别
• 特征的每个类别频数可视化（count_plot）

## 1) unique分布
for fea in categorical_features:
    print(Train_data[fea].nunique())
categorical_features

## 2) 类别特征箱形图可视化

# 因为 name和 regionCode的类别太稀疏了，这里我们把不稀疏的几类画一下
categorical_features = ['model',
 'brand',
 'bodyType',
 'fuelType',
 'gearbox',
 'notRepairedDamage']
for c in categorical_features:
    Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].astype('category')
    if Train_data[c].isnull().any():
        Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].cat.add_categories(['MISSING'])
        Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].fillna('MISSING')

def boxplot(x, y, **kwargs):
    sns.boxplot(x=x, y=y)
    x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)

f = pd.melt(Train_data, id_vars=['price'], value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(boxplot, "value", "price")
Train_data.columns

## 3) 类别特征的小提琴图可视化
catg_list = categorical_features
target = 'price'
for catg in catg_list :
    sns.violinplot(x=catg, y=target, data=Train_data)
    plt.show()
categorical_features = ['model',
 'brand',
 'bodyType',
 'fuelType',
 'gearbox',
 'notRepairedDamage']

## 4) 类别特征的柱形图可视化
def bar_plot(x, y, **kwargs):
    sns.barplot(x=x, y=y)
    x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)

f = pd.melt(Train_data, id_vars=['price'], value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(bar_plot, "value", "price")

##  5) 类别特征的每个类别频数可视化(count_plot)
def count_plot(x,  **kwargs):
    sns.countplot(x=x)
    x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)

f = pd.melt(Train_data,  value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(count_plot, "value")

9.用pandas_profiling生成数据报告

import pandas_profiling
pfr = pandas_profiling.ProfileReport(Train_data)
pfr.to_file("./example.html")

附录

• Datawhale 零基础入门数据挖掘-Task2 数据分析

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1. https://www.cnblogs.com/wyy1480/p/10474046.html ↩︎

2. https://www.jianshu.com/p/6e18d21a4cad ↩︎