状态机的三种方式

状态机有三部分组成：状态、事件（转移条件）、动作。事件触发状态的转移及动作的执行。不过动作不是必须的。

分支逻辑法

if-else或者switch-case分支逻辑，最简单、最直接，是首选

查表法

适用于状态比较多

• 枚举类，（状态、事件）数字代表二维数组的索引
• 状态转换表transitionTable，事件触发的动作表actionTable

public enum State {
  SMALL(0),
  SUPER(1),
  FIRE(2),
  CAPE(3);

  private int value;

  private State(int value) {
    this.value = value;
  }

  public int getValue() {
    return this.value;
  }
}

public enum Event {
  GOT_MUSHROOM(0),
  GOT_CAPE(1),
  GOT_FIRE(2),
  MET_MONSTER(3);

  private int value;

  private Event(int value) {
    this.value = value;
  }

  public int getValue() {
    return this.value;
  }
}

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private State currentState;

  private static final State[][] transitionTable = {
          {SUPER, CAPE, FIRE, SMALL},
          {SUPER, CAPE, FIRE, SMALL},
          {CAPE, CAPE, CAPE, SMALL},
          {FIRE, FIRE, FIRE, SMALL}
  };

  private static final int[][] actionTable = {
          {+100, +200, +300, +0},
          {+0, +200, +300, -100},
          {+0, +0, +0, -200},
          {+0, +0, +0, -300}
  };

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = State.SMALL;
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_MUSHROOM);
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_CAPE);
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_FIRE);
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    executeEvent(Event.MET_MONSTER);
  }

  private void executeEvent(Event event) {
    int stateValue = currentState.getValue();
    int eventValue = event.getValue();
    this.currentState = transitionTable[stateValue][eventValue];
    this.score += actionTable[stateValue][eventValue];
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState;
  }

}

状态模式

适用于状态不多、状态转移简单，但是事件触发的动作比较复杂

双向依赖代码

• 状态机和接口互相依赖
• 状态机里封装了属性（状态、动作如分数）和行为
• 接口和实现类表示状态，完成了状态转移和事件动作，getName()可以返回状态

public interface IMario { //所有状态类的接口
  State getName();
  //以下是定义的事件
  void obtainMushRoom();
  void obtainCape();
  void obtainFireFlower();
  void meetMonster();
}

public class SmallMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SmallMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SMALL;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SuperMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 100);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    // do nothing...
  }
}

public class SuperMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SuperMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SUPER;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    // do nothing...
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SmallMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() - 100);
  }
}

// 省略CapeMario、FireMario类...

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private IMario currentState; // 不再使用枚举来表示状态

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = new SmallMario(this);
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    this.currentState.obtainMushRoom();
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    this.currentState.obtainCape();
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    this.currentState.obtainFireFlower();
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    this.currentState.meetMonster();
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState.getName();
  }

  public void setScore(int score) {
    this.score = score;
  }

  public void setCurrentState(IMario currentState) {
    this.currentState = currentState;
  }
}

优化后代码

• 状态方法传参，状态机

• 状态类中不包含任务成员变量，可以设计成单例模式

public interface IMario {
  State getName();
  void obtainMushRoom(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void obtainCape(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void obtainFireFlower(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void meetMonster(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
}

public class SmallMario implements IMario {
  private static final SmallMario instance = new SmallMario();
  private SmallMario() {}
  public static SmallMario getInstance() {
    return instance;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SMALL;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(SuperMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 100);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(CapeMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(FireMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    // do nothing...
  }
}

// 省略SuperMario、CapeMario、FireMario类...

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private IMario currentState;

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = SmallMario.getInstance();
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    this.currentState.obtainMushRoom(this);
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    this.currentState.obtainCape(this);
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    this.currentState.obtainFireFlower(this);
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    this.currentState.meetMonster(this);
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState.getName();
  }

  public void setScore(int score) {
    this.score = score;
  }

  public void setCurrentState(IMario currentState) {
    this.currentState = currentState;
  }
}