Linux安装配置Mysql

Mysql:中小型关系型数据库，适合作为学习用途。安装版本为5.7.24社区版（Community Server ）
Linux版本：CentOS 7

1. 通过yum安装

yum安装方式需要全程网络连接，如果机器不能访问外网，需要通过其他方式安装mysql。

1.1 安装mysql yum repo

执行这一步安装的目的是将mysql添加到yum的仓库列表中。只需执行一次，如果以前执行过次操作，跳过。
下载mysql yum repo 的安装文件（文件列表），下载对应版本的文件，CentOS7需要下载的是RHEL7对应的文件

wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm

通过以下命令安装rpm文件：

sudo yum localinstall mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm

1.2 选择安装版本

当前（2019/05/09）mysql的默认版本为8.0,如果想要安装默认版本，跳过此步骤。
通过以下方式查看当前版本：

[root@KWang tmp]# yum repolist all | grep mysql
mysql-cluster-7.5-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 7.5 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-7.5-community-source MySQL Cluster 7.5 Community - disabled
mysql-cluster-7.6-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 7.6 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-7.6-community-source MySQL Cluster 7.6 Community - disabled
mysql-cluster-8.0-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 8.0 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-8.0-community-source MySQL Cluster 8.0 Community - disabled
mysql-connectors-community/x86_64  MySQL Connectors Community    enabled:    108
mysql-connectors-community-source  MySQL Connectors Community -  disabled
mysql-tools-community/x86_64       MySQL Tools Community         enabled:     90
mysql-tools-community-source       MySQL Tools Community - Sourc disabled
mysql-tools-preview/x86_64         MySQL Tools Preview           disabled
mysql-tools-preview-source         MySQL Tools Preview - Source  disabled
mysql55-community/x86_64           MySQL 5.5 Community Server    disabled
mysql55-community-source           MySQL 5.5 Community Server -  disabled
mysql56-community/x86_64           MySQL 5.6 Community Server    disabled
mysql56-community-source           MySQL 5.6 Community Server -  disabled
mysql57-community/x86_64           MySQL 5.7 Community Server    disabled
mysql57-community-source           MySQL 5.7 Community Server -  disabled
mysql80-community/x86_64           MySQL 8.0 Community Server    enabled:    113
mysql80-community-source           MySQL 8.0 Community Server -  disabled
[root@KWang tmp]#

其中标识为“enabled”的版本为当前默认版本。
通过如下方式改变安装版本:

vim /etc/yum.repos.d/mysql-community.repo

将mysql57-community的enabled项设为1，mysql80-commnity的enabled项设为0，如下。

# Enable to use MySQL 5.7
[mysql57-community]
name=MySQL 5.7 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql

[mysql80-community]
name=MySQL 8.0 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-8.0-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql

这时重新检查版本：

[root@KWang ~]# yum repolist all | grep mysql
mysql-cluster-7.5-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 7.5 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-7.5-community-source MySQL Cluster 7.5 Community - disabled
mysql-cluster-7.6-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 7.6 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-7.6-community-source MySQL Cluster 7.6 Community - disabled
mysql-cluster-8.0-community/x86_64 MySQL Cluster 8.0 Community   disabled
mysql-cluster-8.0-community-source MySQL Cluster 8.0 Community - disabled
!mysql-connectors-community/x86_64 MySQL Connectors Community    enabled:    108
mysql-connectors-community-source  MySQL Connectors Community -  disabled
!mysql-tools-community/x86_64      MySQL Tools Community         enabled:     90
mysql-tools-community-source       MySQL Tools Community - Sourc disabled
mysql-tools-preview/x86_64         MySQL Tools Preview           disabled
mysql-tools-preview-source         MySQL Tools Preview - Source  disabled
mysql55-community/x86_64           MySQL 5.5 Community Server    disabled
mysql55-community-source           MySQL 5.5 Community Server -  disabled
mysql56-community/x86_64           MySQL 5.6 Community Server    disabled
mysql56-community-source           MySQL 5.6 Community Server -  disabled
!mysql57-community/x86_64          MySQL 5.7 Community Server    enabled:    347
mysql57-community-source           MySQL 5.7 Community Server -  disabled
!mysql80-community/x86_64          MySQL 8.0 Community Server    disabled
mysql80-community-source           MySQL 8.0 Community Server -  disabled
[root@KWang ~]#

版本已经更改为5.7.

1.3 执行yum安装命令

当上面步骤都执行完毕之后，只需要通过以下命令来安装mysql-server

sudo yum install -y mysql-community-server

等待命令执行完成后，mysql也就安装成功了。

2 配置使用mysql

在CentOS7上，通过以下命令开启mysql服务：

systemctl start mysqld

安装完成后，mysql会自动生成一个临时密码，这个密码写入了mysql的安装日志之中，通过以下命令可以查看：

[root@KWang ~]# sudo grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log
2019-05-20T06:05:21.514102Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: oj%eC7bFxHhg
[root@KWang ~]#

通过这个密码可以登录mysql并重新设置自定义密码。

mysql -uroot -p

然后输入密码就可以登录mysql，然后通过以下命令修改密码：

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'MyNewPassword';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

其中MyNewPassword代表设置的新密码。这条命令在设置的新密码比较简单时可能会有如下报错

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
mysql>

这是因为mysql安装后默认密码策略为中级（分为低中高三个等级），如果要设置简单密码需要修改其默认的密码策略为低（LOW）

mysql> set global validate_password_policy=LOW;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

然后进行修改密码操作时，密码检查的条件就会比较宽松。需要注意的是在生产环境中，请尽量保持默认密码检查策略并设置复杂密码。

---

默认mysql安装后只允许本地访问数据库，如果需要远程连接数据库，请参考Python连接操作mysql服务器第二节部分。
除了通过yum方式安装mysql之外，还可以通过二进制文件的方式安装mysql，适合在没有网络的机器上安装。安装方法待续。