Java重载与重写

重载

方法重载

每个重载的方法都必须有一个独一无二的参数类型列表。
对于名字相同的方法的方法，除了参数类型的差异以外，参数的顺序不同也可以区分两个方法。

public class OverloadingOrder {
    static void f(String s, int i) {
        print("String:" + s + ",int:" + i);
    }

    static void f(int i, String s) {
        print("int:" + i + ",String:" + s);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        f("String first", 11);
        f(99, "Int first");
    }
}

基本类型的重载

传入的实际参数小于重载方法声明的形式参数

public class PrimitiveOverloading {
    void f1(char x) {
        printnb("f1(char)");
    }

    void f1(byte x) {
        printnb("f1(byte x)");
    }

    void f1(short x) {
        printnb("f1(short x)");
    }

    void f1(int x) {
        printnb("f1(int x)");
    }

    void f1(long x) {
        printnb("f1(long x)");
    }

    void f1(float x) {
        printnb("f1(float x)");
    }

    void f1(double x) {
        printnb("f1(double x)");
    }

    // f2
    void f2(byte x) {
        printnb("f1(byte x)");
    }

    void f2(short x) {
        printnb("f2(short x)");
    }

    void f2(int x) {
        printnb("f2(int x)");
    }

    void f2(long x) {
        printnb("f2(long x)");
    }

    void f2(float x) {
        printnb("f2(float x)");
    }

    void f2(double x) {
        printnb("f2(double x)");
    }

    // f3
    void f3(short x) {
        printnb("f3(short x)");
    }

    void f3(int x) {
        printnb("f3(int x)");
    }

    void f3(long x) {
        printnb("f3(long x)");
    }

    void f3(float x) {
        printnb("f3(float x)");
    }

    void f3(double x) {
        printnb("f3(double x)");
    }

    // f4
    void f4(int x) {
        printnb("f4(int x)");
    }

    void f4(long x) {
        printnb("f4(long x)");
    }

    void f4(float x) {
        printnb("f4(float x)");
    }

    void f4(double x) {
        printnb("f4(double x)");
    }

    // f5
    void f5(long x) {
        printnb("f5(long x)");
    }

    void f5(float x) {
        printnb("f5(float x)");
    }

    void f5(double x) {
        printnb("f5(double x)");
    }

    // f6
    void f6(float x) {
        printnb("f6(float x)");
    }

    void f6(double x) {
        printnb("f6(double x)");
    }

    // f7
    void f7(double x) {
        printnb("f7(double x)");
    }

    void testConstVal(){
        printnb("5:");
        f1(5);
        f2(5);
        f3(5);
        f4(5);
        f5(5);
        f6(5);
        f7(5);
        print();
    }

    void testChar(){
        char x = 'x';
        printnb("char:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testByte(){
        byte x = 0;
        printnb("byte:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testShort(){
        short x = 0;
        printnb("short:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testInt(){
        int x = 0;
        printnb("int:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testLong(){
        long x = 0;
        printnb("long:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testFloat(){
        float x = 0;
        printnb("float:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    void testDouble(){
        double x = 0;
        printnb("double:");
        f1(x);
        f2(x);
        f3(x);
        f4(x);
        f5(x);
        f6(x);
        f7(x);
        print();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PrimitiveOverloading p = new PrimitiveOverloading();
        p.testConstVal();
        p.testChar();
        p.testByte();
        p.testShort();
        p.testInt();
        p.testLong();
        p.testFloat();
        p.testDouble();
    }
}

output:
5:f1(int x)f2(int x)f3(int x)f4(int x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
char:f1(char)f2(int x)f3(int x)f4(int x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
byte:f1(byte x)f1(byte x)f3(short x)f4(int x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
short:f1(short x)f2(short x)f3(short x)f4(int x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
int:f1(int x)f2(int x)f3(int x)f4(int x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
long:f1(long x)f2(long x)f3(long x)f4(long x)f5(long x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
float:f1(float x)f2(float x)f3(float x)f4(float x)f5(float x)f6(float x)f7(double x)
double:f1(double x)f2(double x)f3(double x)f4(double x)f5(double x)f6(double x)f7(double x)

总结：如果传入的数据类型（实际参数类型）小于方法中声明的形式参数类型，实际数据类型就会被提升。char型略有不同，如果无法找到恰好接受char参数的方法，就会把char直接提升至int型。

传入的实际参数大于重载方法声明的形式参数

public class Demotion {
    void f1(char x) {
        print("f1(char)");
    }

    void f1(byte x) {
        print("f1(byte x)");
    }

    void f1(short x) {
        print("f1(short x)");
    }

    void f1(int x) {
        print("f1(int x)");
    }

    void f1(long x) {
        print("f1(long x)");
    }

    void f1(float x) {
        print("f1(float x)");
    }

    void f1(double x) {
        print("f1(double x)");
    }

    // f2
    void f2(char x) {
        print("f2(char)");
    }

    void f2(byte x) {
        print("f2(byte x)");
    }

    void f2(short x) {
        print("f2(short x)");
    }

    void f2(int x) {
        print("f2(int x)");
    }

    void f2(long x) {
        print("f2(long x)");
    }

    void f2(float x) {
        print("f2(float x)");
    }

    // f3
    void f3(char x) {
        print("f3(char)");
    }

    void f3(byte x) {
        print("f3(byte x)");
    }

    void f3(short x) {
        print("f3(short x)");
    }

    void f3(int x) {
        print("f3(int x)");
    }

    void f3(long x) {
        print("f3(long x)");
    }

    // f4
    void f4(char x) {
        print("f4(char)");
    }

    void f4(byte x) {
        print("f4(byte x)");
    }

    void f4(short x) {
        print("f4(short x)");
    }

    void f4(int x) {
        print("f4(int x)");
    }

    // f5
    void f5(char x) {
        print("f5(char)");
    }

    void f5(byte x) {
        print("f5(byte x)");
    }

    void f5(short x) {
        print("f5(short x)");
    }

    // f6
    void f6(char x) {
        print("f6(char)");
    }

    void f6(byte x) {
        print("f6(byte x)");
    }

    // f7
    void f7(char x) {
        print("f7(char)");
    }

    void testDouble(){
        double x = 0;
        print("double argument");
        f1(x);
        f2((float) x);
        f3((long)x);
        f4((int)x);
        f5((short) x);
        f6((byte) x);
        f7((char) x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Demotion p = new Demotion();
        p.testDouble();
    }
}
output:
double argument
f1(double x)
f2(float x)
f3(long x)
f4(int x)
f5(short x)
f6(byte x)
f7(char)

总结：方法接受较小的基本类型作为参数。如果传入的实际参数较大，就得通过类型转换来执行窄化转换。否则，编译器会报错！

以返回值区分重载方法

下面我们来看一个例子

public class Exam {
    static int f(){
        System.out.println("return int value");
        return 1;
    }
    
    static void f(){
        System.out.println("return null");
    }
}

上面的这段代码，编译器是会报错的，因此根据方法的返回值来区分重载方法是行不通的。

方法的重载可以发生在子类中

public class Exam {
    void method(){
        System.out.println("Exam");
    }
}

public class ExamSon extends Exam {
    void method(String name) {
        System.out.println("ExamSon:" + name);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExamSon son = new ExamSon();
        son.method();
        son.method("son");
    }
}

output:
Exam
ExamSon:son

构造器重载

class Tree {
    int height;

    Tree() {
        print("Planting a seeding");
        height = 0;
    }

    Tree(int initialHeight) {
        height = initialHeight;
        print("Creating new Tree that is " + height + " feet tall");
    }

    public void info() {
        print("Tree is " + height + " feet tall");
    }

    protected void info(String s) {
        print(s + ":Tree is " + height + " feet tall");
    }

    int info(int i){
        print(i + ":Tree is " + height + " feet tall");
        return 1;
    }
}

public class Overloading {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
            Tree t = new Tree(i);
            t.info();
            t.info("overloaded method");
            t.info(2);
        }
        new Tree();
    }
}

总结

方法的重载

方法的重写