小甲鱼python045魔法方法：属性访问

0 总结

0.0 属性访问方法

1. object.attr
2. getattr()

   getattr(object, 'attr'[, 'return this string if attr is not in object'])
   

   [ ] 内为可选项，如果不添加该项，且如果attr不存在于object中则报错AttributeError

0.1 property函数

用属性访问属性

class C:
	def __init__(self, size = 10):
		self.size = size
	def getSize(self):
		return self.size
	def setSize(self, size):
		self.size = size
	def delSize(self):
		del self.size
	x = property(getSize,setSize,delSize)

>>> c = C()
>>> c.x = 1
>>> c.x
1
>>> c.size
1
>>> del c.x
>>> c.size
AttributeError: 'C' object has no attribute 'size'

使用了property()函数是 x 和 size挂钩

0.2 几种魔法方法访问属性

重写魔法方法控制属性访问

魔法方法	功能
__getattr__(self, name)	定义当用户试图获取一个不存在的属性时的行为
__getattribute__(self, name)	定义当该类属性被访问时的行为，无论该属性是否存在
__setattr__(self,name, value)	定义当一个属性被设置时的行为
__delattr__(self, name)	定义当一个属性被删除时的行为

对这些进行修改

class C:
	def __getattribute__(self, name):
		print("getattribute")
		return super().__getattribute__(name)
	def __getattr__(self,name):
		print("getattr")
	def __setattr__(self, name, value):
		print("setattr")
		super().__setattr__(name, value):
	def __delattr__(self, name):
		print("delattr")
		super().__delattr__(name)

>>> c = C()
>>> c.x
getattribute
getattr
>>> c.x = 1
setattr
>>> c.x
getattribute
1
>>> del c.x
delattr

注意__setattr__()的无限递归：

>>> class Rectangle():
	def __init__(self, height=0, width=0):
		self.height = height
		self.width = width
	def __setattr__(self, name, value):
		if name == "square":
			self.height = value
			self.width = value
		else:
			self.name = value

			
>>> r = Rectangle()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#42>", line 1, in <module>
    r = Rectangle()
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 3, in __init__
    self.height = height
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 10, in __setattr__
    self.name = value
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 10, in __setattr__
    self.name = value
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 10, in __setattr__
    self.name = value
  [Previous line repeated 325 more times]
  File "<pyshell#41>", line 6, in __setattr__
    if name == "square":
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison

#解决递归方法1: 使用基类
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
		if name == "square":
			self.height = value
			self.width = value
		else:
			super().__setattr__('name',value)
	
#解决递归方法2: 使用__dict__属性
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
		if name == "square":
			self.height = value
			self.width = value
		else:
			self.__dict__['name'] = value