入门ETCD——常用命令

集群管理命令

etcdctl是一个命令行的客户端,它提供了一些命令,可以方便我们在对服务进行测试或者手动修改数据库内容。etcdctl命令基本用法如下所示:

etcdctl [global options] command [command options] [args...]

具体的命令选项参数可以通过 etcdctl command --help来获取相关帮助

环境变量

如果遇到使用了TLS加密的集群,通常每条指令都需要指定证书路径和etcd节点地址,可以把相关命令行参数添加在环境变量中,在**~/.bashrc**添加以下内容:

[root@tiaoban etcd]# cat ~/.bashrc
HOST_1=https://192.168.10.100:2379
HOST_2=https://192.168.10.11:2379
HOST_3=https://192.168.10.12:2379
ENDPOINTS=${HOST_1},${HOST_2},${HOST_3}
# 如果需要使用原生命令,在命令开头加一个\ 例如:\etcdctl command
alias etcdctl="etcdctl --endpoints=${ENDPOINTS} --cacert=/root/cfssl/etcd/ca.pem --cert=/root/cfssl/etcd/client.pem --key=/root/cfssl/etcd/client-key.pem"
alias etcdctljson="etcdctl --endpoints=${ENDPOINTS} --cacert=/root/cfssl/etcd/ca.pem --cert=/root/cfssl/etcd/client.pem --key=/root/cfssl/etcd/client-key.pem --write-out=json"
alias etcdctltable="etcdctl --endpoints=${ENDPOINTS} --cacert=/root/cfssl/etcd/ca.pem --cert=/root/cfssl/etcd/client.pem --key=/root/cfssl/etcd/client-key.pem --write-out=table"
[root@tiaoban etcd]# source ~/.bashrc

查看etcd版本

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl version
etcdctl version: 3.4.23
API version: 3.4

查看etcd集群节点信息

[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl member list -w table
+------------------+---------+-------+----------------------------+----------------------------+------------+
|        ID        | STATUS  | NAME  |         PEER ADDRS         |        CLIENT ADDRS        | IS LEARNER |
+------------------+---------+-------+----------------------------+----------------------------+------------+
| 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e | started | etcd1 | http://192.168.10.100:2380 | http://192.168.10.100:2379 |      false |
| 5d2c1bd3b22f796f | started | etcd3 |  http://192.168.10.12:2380 |  http://192.168.10.12:2379 |      false |
| bc34c6bd673bdf9f | started | etcd2 |  http://192.168.10.11:2380 |  http://192.168.10.11:2379 |      false |
+------------------+---------+-------+----------------------------+----------------------------+------------+

查看集群健康状态

[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl endpoint status -w table
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|      ENDPOINT       |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
| 192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         4 |          9 |                  9 |        |
|  192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |          9 |                  9 |        |
|  192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |          9 |                  9 |        |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl endpoint health -w table
+---------------------+--------+------------+-------+
|      ENDPOINT       | HEALTH |    TOOK    | ERROR |
+---------------------+--------+------------+-------+
| 192.168.10.100:2379 |   true | 4.391924ms |       |
|  192.168.10.11:2379 |   true | 7.091404ms |       |
|  192.168.10.12:2379 |   true | 7.571706ms |       |
+---------------------+--------+------------+-------+

查看告警事件

如果内部出现问题,会触发告警,可以通过命令查看告警引起原因,命令如下所示:

etcdctl alarm <subcommand> [flags]

常用的子命令主要有两个:

# 查看所有告警
etcdctl alarm list
# 解除所有告警
etcdctl alarm disarm

添加成员

当集群部署完成后,后续可能需要进行节点扩缩容,就可以使用member命令管理节点。先查看当前集群信息

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl endpoint status --cluster -w table
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|          ENDPOINT          |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
| http://192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         8 |         16 |                 16 |        |
|  http://192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         8 |         16 |                 16 |        |
|  http://192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         8 |         16 |                 16 |        |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+

在启动新的etcd节点前,先向etcd集群声明添加节点的peer-urls和节点名称

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl member add etcd4 --peer-urls=http://192.168.10.100:12380
Member b112a60ec305e42a added to cluster cd30cff36981306b

ETCD_NAME="etcd4"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380,etcd4=http://192.168.10.100:12380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS="http://192.168.10.100:12380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="existing"

接下来使用docker创建一个版本为3.4.23的etcd节点,运行在192.168.10.100上,使用host网络模式,endpoints地址为http://192.168.10.100:12379,节点名称为etcd4。

[root@tiaoban etcd]# mkdir -p /opt/docker/etcd/{conf,data}
[root@tiaoban etcd]# chown -R 1001:1001 /opt/docker/etcd/data/
[root@tiaoban etcd]# cat /opt/docker/etcd/conf/etcd.conf 
# 节点名称
name: 'etcd4'
# 指定节点的数据存储目录
data-dir: '/data'
# 监听客户端请求的地址列表
listen-client-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:12379"
# 监听URL,用于节点之间通信监听地址
listen-peer-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:12380"
# 对外公告的该节点客户端监听地址,这个值会告诉集群中其他节点
advertise-client-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:12379"
# 服务端之间通讯使用的地址列表,该节点同伴监听地址,这个值会告诉集群中其他节点
initial-advertise-peer-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:12380"
# etcd启动时,etcd集群的节点地址列表
initial-cluster: "etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380,etcd4=http://192.168.10.100:12380"
# etcd集群初始化的状态,new代表新建集群,existing表示加入现有集群
initial-cluster-state: 'existing'
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker run --name=etcd4 --net=host -d -v /opt/docker/etcd/data:/data -v /opt/docker/etcd/conf:/conf bitnami/etcd:latest etcd --config-file /conf/etcd.conf
a142f38c785f2b7c217fb15f01ac62addfeb22eeb44da00363b1f7b5ce398439

etcd4启动后,查看集群节点信息:

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl endpoint status --cluster -w table
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|          ENDPOINT           |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|  http://192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         6 |         11 |                 11 |        |
|   http://192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         11 |                 11 |        |
| http://192.168.10.100:12379 | b112a60ec305e42a |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         11 |                 11 |        |
|   http://192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         11 |                 11 |        |
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+

更新成员

当etcd节点故障,启动etcd时报错**member count is unequal**。如果有保留的数据目录下的文件时,可以通过使用 member update 命令,在保留 etcd 数据的情况下初始化集群数据,重新构建一个新的etcd集群节点。
模拟192.168.10.100:12380节点故障,但数据目录文件有备份,启动一个新的节点,地址为:192.168.10.100:22380

# 停用旧节点
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker stop etcd4
etcd4
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker rm etcd4
etcd4

# 更新节点地址
[root@tiaoban etcd]# cat conf/etcd.conf 
# 节点名称
name: 'etcd4'
# 指定节点的数据存储目录
data-dir: '/data'
# 监听客户端请求的地址列表
listen-client-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:22379"
# 监听URL,用于节点之间通信监听地址
listen-peer-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:22380"
# 对外公告的该节点客户端监听地址,这个值会告诉集群中其他节点
advertise-client-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:22379"
# 服务端之间通讯使用的地址列表,该节点同伴监听地址,这个值会告诉集群中其他节点
initial-advertise-peer-urls: "http://192.168.10.100:22380"
# etcd启动时,etcd集群的节点地址列表
initial-cluster: "etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380,etcd4=http://192.168.10.100:22380"
# etcd集群初始化的状态,new代表新建集群,existing表示加入现有集群
initial-cluster-state: 'existing'

# 启动新节点
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker run --name=etcd4 --net=host -d -v /opt/docker/etcd/data:/data -v /opt/docker/etcd/conf:/conf bitnami/etcd:3.4.23 etcd --config-file /conf/etcd.conf
03c03ac7e6b50a8600cefe443ecafdb03f8f61f153b1a1138029c1726826d74e
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                 COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
03c03ac7e6b5   bitnami/etcd:3.4.23   "/opt/bitnami/script…"   3 seconds ago   Up 3 seconds             etcd4

执行更新member操作,指定新的节点地址。

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl member update b112a60ec305e42a --peer-urls=http://192.168.10.100:22380
Member b112a60ec305e42a updated in cluster cd30cff36981306b

查看集群节点信息,节点信息更新完成。

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl endpoint status --cluster -w table
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|          ENDPOINT           |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|  http://192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         6 |         14 |                 14 |        |
|   http://192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         14 |                 14 |        |
| http://192.168.10.100:22379 | b112a60ec305e42a |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         14 |                 14 |        |
|   http://192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         14 |                 14 |        |
+-----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+

删除成员

主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl member remove <memberID> [flags]

模拟192.168.10.100:22379节点下线操作

[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker stop etcd4
etcd4
[root@tiaoban etcd]# docker rm etcd4
etcd4
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl member remove b112a60ec305e42a
Member b112a60ec305e42a removed from cluster cd30cff36981306b
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl endpoint status --cluster -w table
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|          ENDPOINT          |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
| http://192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         6 |         16 |                 16 |        |
|  http://192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         16 |                 16 |        |
|  http://192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         6 |         16 |                 16 |        |
+----------------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+

数据库操作命令

增加(put)

添加一个键值,基本用法如下所示:

etcdctl put [options] <key> <value> [flags]

常用参数如下所示:

参数功能描述
–prev-kv输出修改前的键值

注意事项:

  • 其中value接受从stdin的输入内容
  • 如果value是以横线-开始,将会被视为flag,如果不希望出现这种情况,可以使用两个横线代替–
  • 若键已经存在,则进行更新并覆盖原有值,若不存在,则进行添加

示例

[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put name cuiliang
OK
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put location -- -beijing
OK
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put foo1 bar1
OK
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put foo2 bar2
OK
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put foo3 bar3
OK

查询(get)

查询键值,基本用法如下所示:

etcdctl get [options] <key> [range_end] [flags]

常用参数如下所示:

参数功能描述
–hex以十六进制形式输出
–limit number设置输出结果的最大值
–prefix根据prefix进行匹配key
–order对输出结果进行排序,ASCEND 或 DESCEND
–sort-by按给定字段排序,CREATE, KEY, MODIFY, VALUE, VERSION
–print-value-only仅输出value值
–from-key按byte进行比较,获取大于等于指定key的结果
–keys-only仅获取keys

示例

# 获取键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get name
name
cuiliang
# 只获取值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get location --print-value-only
-beijing
# 批量取从foo1到foo3的值,不包括foo3
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get foo foo3 --print-value-only
bar1
bar2
# 批量获取前缀为foo的值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get --prefix foo --print-value-only
bar1
bar2
bar3
# 批量获取符合前缀的前两个值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get --prefix --limit=2 foo --print-value-only
bar1
bar2
# 批量获取前缀为foo的值,并排序
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get --prefix foo --print-value-only --order DESCEND
bar3
bar2
bar1

删除(del)

删除键值,基本用法如下所示:

etcdctl del [options] <key> [range_end] [flags]

常用参数如下所示:

参数功能描述
–prefix根据prefix进行匹配删除
–prev-kv输出删除的键值
–from-key按byte进行比较,删除大于等于指定key的结果

示例

# 删除name的键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl del name
1
# 删除从foo1到foo3且不包含foo3的键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl del foo1 foo3
2
# 删除前缀为foo的所有键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl del --prefix foo
1

更新(put覆盖)

若键已经存在,则进行更新并覆盖原有值,若不存在,则进行添加。

查询键历史记录查询

etcd在每次键值变更时,都会记录变更信息,便于我们查看键变更记录

监听命令

watch是监听键或前缀发生改变的事件流, 主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl watch [options] [key or prefix] [range_end] [--] [exec-command arg1 arg2 ...] [flags]

示例如下所示:

# 对某个key监听操作,当key1发生改变时,会返回最新值
etcdctl watch name
# 监听key前缀
etcdctl watch name --prefix
# 监听到改变后执行相关操作
etcdctl watch name --  etcdctl get age

etcdctl watch name – etcdctl put name Kevin,如果写成,会不会变成死循环,导致无限监视,尽量避免。
示例

监听单个键

# 启动监听命令
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch foo

#另一个控制台执行新增命令
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put foo bar
OK

# 观察控制台监听输出
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch foo
PUT
foo
bar

#另一个控制台执行更新命令
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put foo bar123
OK

# 观察控制台监听输出
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch foo
PUT
foo
bar
PUT
foo
bar123

#另一个控制台执行删除命令
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl del foo
1

# 观察控制台监听输出
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch foo
PUT
foo
bar
PUT
foo
bar123
DELETE
foo

同时监听多个键

# 监听前缀为foo的键
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch --prefix foo
# 另一个控制台执行操作
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put foo1 bar1
OK
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put foo2 bar2
OK
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl del foo1
1
# 观察控制台输出
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch --prefix foo
PUT
foo1
bar1
PUT
foo2
bar2
DELETE
foo1


# 监听指定的多个键
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch -i
watch name
watch location

# 另一个控制台执行操作
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put name cuiliang
OK
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl del name
1
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put location beijing
OK
# 观察控制台输出
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl watch -i
watch name
watch location
PUT
name
cuiliang
DELETE
name

PUT
location
beijing

租约命令

租约具有生命周期,需要为租约授予一个TTL(time to live),将租约绑定到一个key上,则key的生命周期与租约一致,可续租,可撤销租约,类似于redis为键设置过期时间。其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl lease <subcommand> [flags]

添加租约

主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl lease grant <ttl> [flags]

示例:

# 设置60秒后过期时间
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 60
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a2b granted with TTL(60s)
# 把foo和租约绑定,设置成60秒后过期
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a29 foo bar
OK
# 租约期内查询键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get foo
foo
bar
# 租约期外查询键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get foo
返回为空

查看租约

查看租约信息,以便续租或查看租约是否仍然存在或已过期。
查看租约详情主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl lease timetolive <leaseID> [options] [flags]

示例:

# 添加一个50秒的租约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 50
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a32 granted with TTL(50s)
# 将name键绑定到6e1e86f4c6512a32租约上
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a32 name cuiliang
OK
# 查看所有租约列表
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease list
found 1 leases
6e1e86f4c6512a32
# 查看租约详情,remaining(6s) 剩余有效时间6秒;--keys 获取租约绑定的 key
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease timetolive --keys 6e1e86f4c6512a32
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a32 granted with TTL(50s), remaining(6s), attached keys([name])

租约续约

通过刷新 TTL 值来保持租约的有效,使其不会过期。
主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl lease keep-alive [options] <leaseID> [flags]

示例如下所示:

# 设置60秒后过期租约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 60
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a36 granted with TTL(60s)
# 把name和租约绑定,设置成 60 秒后过期
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a36 name cuiliang
OK
# 自动定时执行续约,续约成功后每次租约为60秒
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease keep-alive 6e1e86f4c6512a36
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a36 keepalived with TTL(60)
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a36 keepalived with TTL(60)
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a36 keepalived with TTL(60)
……

删除租约

通过租约 ID 撤销租约,撤销租约将删除其所有绑定的 key。
主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl lease revoke <leaseID> [flags]

示例如下所示:

# 设置600秒后过期租约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 600
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a39 granted with TTL(600s)
# 把foo和租约绑定,600秒后过期
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a39 foo bar
OK
# 查看租约详情
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease timetolive --keys 6e1e86f4c6512a39
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a39 granted with TTL(600s), remaining(556s), attached keys([foo])
# 删除租约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease revoke 6e1e86f4c6512a39
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a39 revoked
# 查看租约详情
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease timetolive --keys 6e1e86f4c6512a39
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a39 already expired
# 获取键值
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get foo
返回为空

多key同一租约

一个租约支持绑定多个 key

# 设置60秒后过期的租约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 60
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a3e granted with TTL(60s)
# foo1与租约绑定
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a3e foo1 bar1
OK
# foo2与租约绑定
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl put --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a3e foo2 bar2
OK
# 查看租约详情
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease timetolive --keys 6e1e86f4c6512a3e
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a3e granted with TTL(60s), remaining(14s), attached keys([foo1 foo2])

租约过期后,所有 key 值都会被删除,因此:

  • 当租约只绑定了一个 key 时,想删除这个 key,最好的办法是撤销它的租约,而不是直接删除这个 key。
  • 当租约没有绑定key时,应主动把它撤销掉,单纯删除 key 后,续约操作持续进行,会造成内存泄露。

直接删除key演示:

# 设置租约并绑定 zoo1
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 60
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a43 granted with TTL(60s)
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl --lease=6e1e86f4c6512a43 put zoo1 val1
OK
# 续约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease keep-alive 6e1e86f4c6512a43
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a43 keepalived with TTL(60)

# 此时在另一个控制台执行删除key操作:
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl del zoo1
1
# 单纯删除 key 后,续约操作持续进行,会造成内存泄露
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease keep-alive 6e1e86f4c6512a43
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a43 keepalived with TTL(60)
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a43 keepalived with TTL(60)
lease 6e1e86f4c6512a43 keepalived with TTL(60)
...

撤销key的租约演示:

# 设置租约并绑定 zoo1
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease grant 50
lease 32698142c52a1717 granted with TTL(50s)
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl --lease=32698142c52a1717 put zoo1 val1
OK

# 续约
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl lease keep-alive 32698142c52a1717
lease 32698142c52a1717 keepalived with TTL(50)
lease 32698142c52a1717 keepalived with TTL(50)

# 另一个控制台执行:etcdctl lease revoke 32698142c52a1717

# 续约撤销并退出
lease 32698142c52a1717 expired or revoked.
[root@tiaoban etcd]# etcdctl get zoo1
# 返回空

备份恢复命令

主要用于管理节点的快照,其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot <subcommand> [flags]

生成快照

其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot save <filename> [flags]

示例如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot save etcd-snapshot.db

查看快照

其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot status <filename> [flags]

示例如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot status etcd-snapshot.db -w table

恢复快照

其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl snapshot restore <filename> [options] [flags]

备份恢复演示

  • 新建一个名为name的key
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl put name cuiliang
OK
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl get name
name
cuiliang
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl endpoint status -w table
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|      ENDPOINT       |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
| 192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
|  192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
|  192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
  • 生成快照,创建名为snap.db的备份文件
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# etcdctl snapshot save snap.db
{"level":"info","ts":1679220752.5883558,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:119","msg":"created temporary db file","path":"snap.db.part"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2023-03-19T18:12:32.592+0800","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:200","msg":"opened snapshot stream; downloading"}
{"level":"info","ts":1679220752.5924425,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:127","msg":"fetching snapshot","endpoint":"127.0.0.1:2379"}
{"level":"info","ts":"2023-03-19T18:12:32.595+0800","caller":"clientv3/maintenance.go:208","msg":"completed snapshot read; closing"}
{"level":"info","ts":1679220752.597161,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:142","msg":"fetched snapshot","endpoint":"127.0.0.1:2379","size":"25 kB","took":0.008507131}
{"level":"info","ts":1679220752.5973082,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:152","msg":"saved","path":"snap.db"}
Snapshot saved at snap.db
  • 查看备份文件详情
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# ls -lh snap.db 
-rw------- 1 root root 25K 319 18:12 snap.db
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# etcdctl snapshot status snap.db -w table
+----------+----------+------------+------------+
|   HASH   | REVISION | TOTAL KEYS | TOTAL SIZE |
+----------+----------+------------+------------+
| 8f097221 |       39 |         47 |      25 kB |
+----------+----------+------------+------------+
  • 把快照文件传到其他节点
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# scp snap.db 192.168.10.100:/root                                                                                                                      100%   24KB   6.9MB/s   00:00    
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# scp snap.db 192.168.10.12:/root
  • 停止所有节点的etcd服务,并删除数据目录
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# systemctl stop etcd
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# rm -rf /data/etcd
# 其余两个节点相同操作
  • 在所有节点上开始恢复数据
[root@k8s-work1 ~]# etcdctl snapshot restore snap.db --name=etcd2 --data-dir=/data/etcd/cluster.etcd --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://192.168.10.11:2380
{"level":"info","ts":1679221421.2932272,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:296","msg":"restoring snapshot","path":"snap.db","wal-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd/member/wal","data-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd","snap-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd/member/snap"}
{"level":"info","ts":1679221421.3019996,"caller":"membership/cluster.go:392","msg":"added member","cluster-id":"cd30cff36981306b","local-member-id":"0","added-peer-id":"2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e","added-peer-peer-urls":["http://192.168.10.100:2380"]}
{"level":"info","ts":1679221421.30208,"caller":"membership/cluster.go:392","msg":"added member","cluster-id":"cd30cff36981306b","local-member-id":"0","added-peer-id":"5d2c1bd3b22f796f","added-peer-peer-urls":["http://192.168.10.12:2380"]}
{"level":"info","ts":1679221421.3021913,"caller":"membership/cluster.go:392","msg":"added member","cluster-id":"cd30cff36981306b","local-member-id":"0","added-peer-id":"bc34c6bd673bdf9f","added-peer-peer-urls":["http://192.168.10.11:2380"]}
{"level":"info","ts":1679221421.3094716,"caller":"snapshot/v3_snapshot.go:309","msg":"restored snapshot","path":"snap.db","wal-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd/member/wal","data-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd","snap-dir":"/data/etcd/cluster.etcd/member/snap"}
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl snapshot restore snap.db --name=etcd1 --data-dir=/data/etcd/cluster.etcd --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://192.168.10.100:2380
[root@k8s-work2 ~]# etcdctl snapshot restore snap.db --name=etcd3 --data-dir=/data/etcd/cluster.etcd --initial-cluster=etcd1=http://192.168.10.100:2380,etcd2=http://192.168.10.11:2380,etcd3=http://192.168.10.12:2380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls=http://192.168.10.12:2380
  • 所有节点重启etcd服务
[root@tiaoban ~]# systemctl restart etcd
  • 查看验证
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl get name
name
cuiliang
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl endpoint status -w table
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
|      ENDPOINT       |        ID        | VERSION | DB SIZE | IS LEADER | IS LEARNER | RAFT TERM | RAFT INDEX | RAFT APPLIED INDEX | ERRORS |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+
| 192.168.10.100:2379 | 2e0eda3ad6bc6e1e |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |      true |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
|  192.168.10.11:2379 | bc34c6bd673bdf9f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
|  192.168.10.12:2379 | 5d2c1bd3b22f796f |  3.4.23 |   20 kB |     false |      false |         4 |         10 |                 10 |        |
+---------------------+------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+--------------------+--------+

重启etcd后,仍能正常获取name的值,并且节点ID未发生改变。

用户管理命令

etcd默认是没有开启访问控制的,如果开启外网访问etcd的话就需要考虑访问控制的问题,etcd提供了两种访问控制的方式:

  • 基于身份验证的访问控制
  • 基于证书的访问控制

从v3.2版本开始,如果使用参数 --client-cert-auth=true 启动etcd服务器,则客户端的TLS证书中的 “通用名称(CN)” 字段将用作 etcd 用户。在这种情况下,公用名将对用户进行身份验证,并且客户端不需要密码。如果同时传递了 --client-cert-auth=true 且客户端提供了 CN,并且客户端提供了用户名和密码,则将优先考虑基于用户名和密码的身份验证。
etcd有一个特殊用户root和一个特殊角色root:

  • root用户:root用户是etcd的超级管理员,拥有etcd的所有权限,在开启角色认证之前为们必须要先建立好root用户
  • root角色:具有该root角色的用户既具有全局读写访问权限,具有更新集群的身份验证配置的权限。此外,该root角色还授予常规集群维护的特权,包括修改集群成员资格,对存储进行碎片整理以及拍摄快照。

etcd的权限资源:

  • Users: user用来设置身份认证(user:passwd),一个用户可以拥有多个角色,每个角色被分配一定的权限(只读、只写、可读写),用户分为root用户和非root用户。
  • Roles: 角色用来关联权限,角色主要三类:
    root角色:默认创建root用户时即创建了root角色,该角色拥有所有权限;
    guest角色:默认自动创建,主要用于非认证使用。普通角色,
    由root用户创建角色,并分配指定权限。
  • Permissions: 权限分为只读、只写、可读写三种权限,权限即对指定目录或key的读写权限。

如果没有指定任何验证方式,即未显示指定以什么用户进行访问,那么默认会设定为 guest 角色。默认情况下 guest 也是具有全局访问权限的

用户管理

其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl user <subcommand> [flags]

其主要子命令主要如下所示:

子命令常用用法功能描述
addetcdctl user add < user name or user:password > [options] [flags]添加新用户
deleteetcdctl user delete < user name > [flags]删除用户
listetcdctl user list [flags]列出所有用户
getetcdctl user get < user name > [options] [flags]获取用户详细信息
passwdetcdctl user passwd < user name > [options] [flags]修改密码
grant-roleetcdctl user grant-role < user name > < role name > [flags]赋予用户角色
revoke-roleetcdctl user revoke-role < user name > < role name > [flags]删除用户角色

角色管理

其主要用法如下所示:

etcdctl role <subcommand> [flags]

其主要子命令主要如下所示:

子命令常用用法功能描述
addetcdctl role add < role name > [flags]添加角色
deleteetcdctl role delete[flags]删除角色
listetcdctl role list [flags]列出所有角色
getetcdctl role get[flags]获取角色详情
grant-permissionetcdctl role grant-permission [options] < role name > < permission type > < key > [endkey] [flags]把key操作权限授予给一个角色
revoke-permissionetcdctl role revoke-permission < role name > < key > [endkey] [flags]从角色中撤销key操作权限

开启root身份验证

在开启身份验证后,注意事项如下所示:

  • 开启身份验证:所有etcdctl命令操作都需要指定用户参数–user,参数值为用户名:密码
  • 开启证书验证:所有etcdctl命令操作都需要添加证书参数–cacert

开启root身份验证的步骤如下所示:

# 添加root 用户,密码为123456
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user add root:123456
User root created
# 开启身份验证,开启为enable,取消为disable
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl auth enable --user=root:123456
Authentication Enabled
# 在开启身份验证后,直接获取键值报错
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl get name
{"level":"warn","ts":"2023-03-19T19:00:03.922+0800","caller":"clientv3/retry_interceptor.go:62","msg":"retrying of unary invoker failed","target":"endpoint://client-bdd66650-a0b8-4fb4-ab60-47336cfb7523/192.168.10.100:2379","attempt":0,"error":"rpc error: code = InvalidArgument desc = etcdserver: user name is empty"}
Error: etcdserver: user name is empty
# 添加用户信息访问
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl get name --user=root:123456
name
cuiliang

角色授权

在开启了root身份验证后,就可以对普通用户和角色操作了。
用户增删改查

# 增加普通用户
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user add test:123 --user=root:123456
User test created
# 获取用户信息
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user get test --user=root:123456
User: test
Roles:
# 查看所有用户
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user list --user=root:123456
root
test
# 修改用户密码
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user passwd test --user=root:123456
Password of test: 
Type password of test again for confirmation: 
Password updated
# 删除用户
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user delete test --user=root:123456
User test deleted

角色增删改查

# 添加角色
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role add test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role created
# 获取角色详细信息
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role get test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role
KV Read:
KV Write:
# 获取所有角色
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role list --user=root:123456
root
test-role
# 删除角色
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role delete test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role deleted

用户角色绑定

# 增加普通用户
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user add test:123 --user=root:123456
User test created
# 添加角色
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role add test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role created
# 将角色绑定给指定用户
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user grant-role test test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role is granted to user test
# 查看用户信息
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user get test --user=root:123456
User: test
Roles: test-role

# 取消用户与角色绑定
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user revoke-role test test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role is revoked from user test
# 查看用户信息
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl user get test --user=root:123456
User: test
Roles: 

角色授权
权限分为:只读(read)、只写(write)和读写(readwrite)权限

# 使用test用户获取name值会报错,权限拒绝
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl get name --user=test:123
{"level":"warn","ts":"2023-03-19T19:10:50.515+0800","caller":"clientv3/retry_interceptor.go:62","msg":"retrying of unary invoker failed","target":"endpoint://client-dbe4e470-b1f4-40a1-b48f-71fcab9f32f0/192.168.10.100:2379","attempt":0,"error":"rpc error: code = PermissionDenied desc = etcdserver: permission denied"}
Error: etcdserver: permission denied

# 按key进行授权,test-role角色可以读写name
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role grant-permission test-role readwrite name  --user=root:123456
Role test-role updated
# 查看角色权限详情
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role get test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role
KV Read:
        name
KV Write:
        name

# 也可以按key的prefix进行授权
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role grant-permission test-role readwrite foo --prefix=true --user=root:123456
Role test-role updated
# 查看角色权限详情
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role get test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role
KV Read:
        [foo, fop) (prefix foo)
        name
KV Write:
        [foo, fop) (prefix foo)
        name

# 撤消角色授权
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role revoke-permission test-role name --user=root:123456
Permission of key name is revoked from role test-role
# 查看角色权限详情
[root@tiaoban ~]# etcdctl role get test-role --user=root:123456
Role test-role
KV Read:
        [foo, fop) (prefix foo)
KV Write:
        [foo, fop) (prefix foo)

查看更多

微信公众号

微信公众号同步更新,欢迎关注微信公众号第一时间获取最近文章。在这里插入图片描述

博客网站

崔亮的博客-专注devops自动化运维,传播优秀it运维技术文章。更多原创运维开发相关文章,欢迎访问https://www.cuiliangblog.cn

  • 2
    点赞
  • 15
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
在Redis入门中,常用的命令有以下几个: 1. SET:用于设置键值对。可以将一个键设置为对应的值。 2. GET:用于获取键的值。可以根据键获取相应的值。 3. DEL:用于删除指定的键。可以删除一个或多个键。 4. EXISTS:用于检查键是否存在。可以判断一个键是否存在。 5. KEYS:用于获取所有键。可以获取当前Redis数据库中的所有键。 6. INCR:用于键的值自增。可以将键对应的值自增1。 7. DECR:用于键的值自减。可以将键对应的值自减1。 8. TTL:用于获取键的过期时间。可以获取键的剩余存活时间。 9. EXPIRE:用于设置键的过期时间。可以设置键的存活时间。 10. PERSIST:用于移除键的过期时间。可以取消键的存活时间。 11. LPUSH:用于将元素添加到列表的头部。可以将一个或多个元素添加到列表的头部。 12. RPUSH:用于将元素添加到列表的尾部。可以将一个或多个元素添加到列表的尾部。 13. LPOP:用于移除并返回列表的第一个元素。可以移除并返回列表的第一个元素。 14. RPOP:用于移除并返回列表的最后一个元素。可以移除并返回列表的最后一个元素。 15. SADD:用于向集合中添加元素。可以将一个或多个元素添加到集合中。 16. SMEMBERS:用于获取集合的所有成员。可以获取集合中的所有成员。 17. SCARD:用于获取集合的成员数量。可以获取集合中的成员数量。 18. ZADD:用于向有序集合中添加元素。可以将一个或多个元素添加到有序集合中。 19. ZRANGE:用于获取有序集合的指定范围内的元素。可以获取有序集合中指定范围内的元素。 20. ZCARD:用于获取有序集合的成员数量。可以获取有序集合中的成员数量。 以上是Redis入门常用的命令,可以帮助你开始使用Redis进行数据存储和操作。<span class="em">1</span><span class="em">2</span><span class="em">3</span> #### 引用[.reference_title] - *1* *2* [Redis常用命令大集合(快速入门)](https://blog.csdn.net/yy12345_6_/article/details/124177795)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_1"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] - *3* [尚硅谷Redis入门视频](https://download.csdn.net/download/wang9527007/10390271)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_1"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] [ .reference_list ]

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值