Linux常用命令学习

date

显示跟日期相关的信息

[may@bogon ~]$ date
Mon Apr 24 05:53:11 PDT 2017
[may@bogon ~]$ date +%Y/%m/%d
2017/04/24
[may@bogon ~]$ date +%H:%d
05:24

cal

显示跟日历相关的指令

[may@bogon ~]$ cal
     April 2017     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                   1
 2  3  4  5  6  7  8
 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
[may@bogon ~]$ cal 1994
                               1994                               

       January               February                 March       
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                   1          1  2  3  4  5          1  2  3  4  5
 2  3  4  5  6  7  8    6  7  8  9 10 11 12    6  7  8  9 10 11 12
 9 10 11 12 13 14 15   13 14 15 16 17 18 19   13 14 15 16 17 18 19
16 17 18 19 20 21 22   20 21 22 23 24 25 26   20 21 22 23 24 25 26
23 24 25 26 27 28 29   27 28                  27 28 29 30 31
30 31
        April                   May                   June        
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                1  2    1  2  3  4  5  6  7             1  2  3  4
 3  4  5  6  7  8  9    8  9 10 11 12 13 14    5  6  7  8  9 10 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 16   15 16 17 18 19 20 21   12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23   22 23 24 25 26 27 28   19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30   29 30 31               26 27 28 29 30

        July                  August                September     
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                1  2       1  2  3  4  5  6                1  2  3
 3  4  5  6  7  8  9    7  8  9 10 11 12 13    4  5  6  7  8  9 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16   14 15 16 17 18 19 20   11 12 13 14 15 16 17
17 18 19 20 21 22 23   21 22 23 24 25 26 27   18 19 20 21 22 23 24
24 25 26 27 28 29 30   28 29 30 31            25 26 27 28 29 30
31
       October               November               December      
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
                   1          1  2  3  4  5                1  2  3
 2  3  4  5  6  7  8    6  7  8  9 10 11 12    4  5  6  7  8  9 10
 9 10 11 12 13 14 15   13 14 15 16 17 18 19   11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22   20 21 22 23 24 25 26   18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29   27 28 29 30            25 26 27 28 29 30 31
30 31

[may@bogon ~]$ cal 11 1994
    November 1994   
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
       1  2  3  4  5
 6  7  8  9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30

bc

简单的计算器

may@bogon ~]$ bc
bc 1.06.95
Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'. 
8+5-4
9
10*45
450
10%5
0
12^2
144

//让小数点的位数为4
scale=4
10/1000
.0100
quit

shutdown

关机指令

[may@bogon ~]$ shutdown --help
Shut down the system.//关闭系统
  -H --halt      Halt the machine停止系统服务之后，立即关机
  -P --poweroff  Power-off the machine
  -r --reboot    Reboot the machine将系统的服务停止掉后重新启动
  -h             Equivalent to --poweroff, overridden by --halt
  -k             Don't halt/power-off/reboot, just send warnings不是真的关机，只是发送警告的信息
     --no-wall   Don't send wall message before halt/power-off/reboot
  -c             Cancel a pending shutdown取消正在执行的shutdown指令内容

指令示例：

//超级用户之下
[may@bogon ~]$ su
Password: 

//500分钟之后关机
[root@bogon may]# shutdown -h 500 'I will shutdown this server 500minute late'
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2017-04-24 14:34:03 PDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel

//取消关机
[root@bogon may]# shutdown -c
Broadcast message from root@bogon (Mon 2017-04-24 06:14:34 PDT):
The system shutdown has been cancelled at Mon 2017-04-24 06:15:34 PDT!

//在指定的时间关机
[root@bogon may]# shutdown -h 23:23
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2017-04-24 23:23:00 PDT, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.

//并不会真正关机，只是发出警告信件的参数
[root@bogon may]# shutdown -k now 'This system will reboot'

init

切换执行等级
Linux一共有七种执行等级：
run level 0：关机
run level 3：纯文本模式
run level 5；含有图形接口模式
run level 6：重新启动

chgrp

改变文件所属用户组

/*love目录现在属于may用户组*/
[root@bogon may]# ll
drwxrwxr-x. 2 may  may   6 Apr 24 06:29 love

/*讲love文件改成root用户组所有*/
[root@bogon may]# chgrp root love

[root@bogon may]# ll
drwxrwxr-x. 2 may  root  6 Apr 24 06:29 love

/*不存在用户组“asd”*/
[root@bogon may]# chgrp asd love
chgrp: invalid group: ‘asd’

chown

改变文件所属用户，也可以顺带修改所属用户组

[root@bogon may]# chown root:root love

改变文件的权限

权限的设计方法有两种，分贝是使用数字或者符号来进行权限的变更

用数字改变文件的权限

[root@bogon may]# ll
drwxrwxr-x. 2 may  may  18 Apr 24 06:06 happy
[root@bogon may]# chmod 777 happy
drwxrwxrwx. 2 may  may  18 Apr 24 06:06 happy

用符号改变文件的权限

[root@bogon may]# ll
drwxrwxrwx. 2 may  may  18 Apr 24 06:06 happy
[root@bogon may]# chmod u-wx,go-rwx happy
[root@bogon may]# ll
dr--------. 2 may  may  18 Apr 24 06:06 happy

[root@bogon may]# ll
drwxrwxr-x. 2 root root  6 Apr 24 06:29 love
[root@bogon may]# chmod u+r-w,go+r love
[root@bogon may]# ll
dr-xrwxr-x. 2 root root  6 Apr 24 06:29 love

cd

变换目录

//打开指定文件
[may@bogon ~]$ cd love

//回到上层目录
[may@bogon love]$ cd ..

//回到上次打开的目录
[may@bogon ~]$ cd -
/home/may/love

//回到may的家目录
[may@bogon love]$ cd ~

pwd

显示当前的工作目录

[may@bogon ~]$ pwd
/home/may

mkdir

建立新的目录

//创建默认权限的test目录
[may@bogon ~]$ mkdir test
[may@bogon ~]$ ll
drwxrwxr-x. 2 may  may   6 Apr 24 08:06 test

//不加-p属性，创建嵌套文件夹失败
[may@bogon ~]$ cd test
[may@bogon test]$ mkdir test1/test2/test3
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test1/test2/test3’: No such file or director

[may@bogon test]$ mkdir -p test1/test2/test3
[may@bogon test]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 3 may may 18 Apr 24 08:06 test1
[may@bogon test]$ cd test1
[may@bogon test1]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 3 may may 18 Apr 24 08:06 test2

//创建指定权限的文件
[may@bogon ~]$ mkdir -m 666 liu
[may@bogon ~]$ ll
drw-rw-rw-. 2 may  may   6 Apr 24 08:08 liu

rmdir

删除空目录，仅能删除空的目录

[may@bogon ~]$ rmdir -p test/test1/test2/test3/