本文主要讲try catch的实现。
面试微软会遇到。
try/catch/finally:调试,捕获,最终
try_catch用法:
比如:
连接数据库时有可能失败
try{
connect_spq(); //throw 抛出个异常
string.copy(); //函数内部抛出异常
}
catch(){
//捕获异常
}
finally(){
//不管你有没有走,这一步一定会走
}
setjmp/longjmp函数:
1、可以跨越函数的跳跃,可从函数A跳到函数B;
2、调用longjmp函数执行完后,会跳到 setjmp函数处,setjmp函数的返回值就是调用longjmp函数的第二个参数。
3、setjmp和longjmp是没有压栈的。是直接跳转的。
4、这两个函数本身是线程安全的。
代码测试使用longjmp/setjmp:
jmp_buf env;
int count = 0;
void sub_func(int idx) {
printf("sub_func --> idx:%d\n", idx);
longjmp(env, idx);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int idx = 0;
count = setjmp(env);
if (count == 0) {
printf("count:%d\n", count);
sub_func(++idx);
} else if (count == 1) {
printf("count:%d\n", count);
sub_func(++idx);
} else if (count == 2) {
printf("count:%d\n", count);
sub_func(++idx);
} else if (count == 3) {
printf("count:%d\n", count);
sub_func(++idx);
} else {
printf("other count\n");
}
return 0;
}
try catch与longjmp/setjmp的关系:
try—>setjmp 设置标签
throw–>longjmp 抛出
catch–>捕获标签
不管什么时候都会执行的 finally
注意:
系统崩溃try catch无用,应该用捕获信号来做,try catch是做业务的。
longjmp/setjmp初步实现try catch:
typedef struct _tagExcepSign {
jmp_buf _stackinfo; //longjmp的第一个参数, 设置setjmp的第一个参数
int _exceptype; //longjmp的第二个参数
} tagExcepSign;
#define ExcepType(ExcepSign) ((ExcepSign)._exceptype)
#define Try(ExcepSign) if (((ExcepSign)._exceptype = setjmp((ExcepSign)._stackinfo)) == 0)
#define Catch(ExcepSign, ExcepType) else if ((ExcepSign)._exceptype == ExcepType)
#define Finally else
#define Throw(ExcepSign, ExcepType) longjmp((ExcepSign)._stackinfo, ExcepType)
void ExceptionTest(int expType) {
tagExcepSign ex;
expType = expType < 0 ? -expType : expType;
Try (ex) { //设置标签 setjmp
if (expType > 0) {
Throw(ex, expType); //抛出到longjmp, 执行完longjmp后会跳转到setjmp
} else {
printf("no exception\n");
}
} Catch (ex, 1) { //捕获
printf("no exception 1\n");
} Catch (ex, 2) {
printf("no exception 2\n");
} Finally {
printf("other exp\n");
}
}
int main() {
ExceptionTest(0);
ExceptionTest(1);
ExceptionTest(2);
ExceptionTest(3);
}
实现try catch需要注意的三个问题:
1、try catch的嵌套:只有里层处理完了之后,外层才可处理。
换句话说就是后进先出,这样就是栈的概念,我们可以通过链表来实现这个要求。
单向链表,头插入,取也是从头结点处取。
做成每一个线程,一个调用栈。
2、抛异常时会告诉在哪个文件,行号多少,函数名,
FILE, LINE, func
3、多个线程同时操作时,如何保证线程安全?也就是说多个try catch操作时,如何确保A抛出的异常是A catch来捕获的。
使用pthread_key_t。pthread_key_t是全局key,但是线程中都有空间,名字是一样的,但是内容和位置是不一样的。是每一个线程的私有数据
代码实现:
//pthread_key_t是全局key,但是线程中都有空间,名字是一样的,但是内容和位置是不一样的。是每一个线程的私有数据
#define ntyThreadData pthread_key_t
#define ntyThreadDataSet(key, value) pthread_setspecific((key), (value))
#define ntyThreadDataGet(key) pthread_getspecific((key))
#define ntyThreadDataCreate(key) pthread_key_create(&(key), NULL)
#define EXCEPTIN_MESSAGE_LENGTH 512
typedef struct _ntyException {
const char *name;
} ntyException;
ntyException SQLException = {"SQLException"};
ntyException TimeoutException = {"TimeoutException"};
ntyThreadData ExceptionStack; //保证线程安全
//用链表实现栈,帮助实现try catch特性,节点,try一次就是入栈创建一个几点,throw就是出栈抛出一个节点
typedef struct _ntyExceptionFrame {
jmp_buf env;
int line; //存储调到哪一行
const char *func; //存储是哪个函数
const char *file; //存储是哪个文件
ntyException *exception;
struct _ntyExceptionFrame *prev; //前向指针,保证节点是连接起来的,并且可以找到头节点
char message[EXCEPTIN_MESSAGE_LENGTH+1]; //异常时要输出的文字
} ntyExceptionFrame;
#define ntyExceptionPopStack \
ntyThreadDataSet(ExceptionStack, ((ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadDataGet(ExceptionStack))->prev)
#define ReThrow ntyExceptionThrow(frame.exception, frame.func, frame.file, frame.line, NULL)
#define Throw(e, cause, ...) ntyExceptionThrow(&(e), __func__, __FILE__, __LINE__, cause, ##__VA_ARGS__, NULL)
enum {
ExceptionEntered = 0,
ExceptionThrown,
ExceptionHandled,
ExceptionFinalized
};
#define Try do { \
//实际上try就是入栈,创建一个节点
volatile int Exception_flag; \
ntyExceptionFrame frame; \
frame.message[0] = 0; \
//获取栈的头结点
frame.prev = (ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadDataGet(ExceptionStack); \
//将创建的节点设为头结点,保证后进先出
ntyThreadDataSet(ExceptionStack, &frame); \
Exception_flag = setjmp(frame.env); \
if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) { //关注到此为止即可
#define Catch(e) \
if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; \
} else if (frame.exception == &(e)) { \
Exception_flag = ExceptionHandled;
#define Finally \
if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; \
} { \
if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) \
Exception_flag = ExceptionFinalized;
#define EndTry \
if (Exception_flag == ExceptionEntered) ntyExceptionPopStack; \
} if (Exception_flag == ExceptionThrown) ReThrow; \
} while (0)
static pthread_once_t once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static void init_once(void) {
ntyThreadDataCreate(ExceptionStack);
}
void ntyExceptionInit(void) {
pthread_once(&once_control, init_once);
}
//抛出
void ntyExceptionThrow(ntyException *excep, const char *func, const char *file, int line, const char *cause, ...) {
va_list ap; //固定用法,其实代表传参的省略号: ...
ntyExceptionFrame *frame = (ntyExceptionFrame*)ntyThreadDataGet(ExceptionStack); //获取头节点
if (frame) {
frame->exception = excep;
frame->func = func;
frame->file = file;
frame->line = line;
if (cause) {
va_start(ap, cause); //ap从casue开始
vsnprintf(frame->message, EXCEPTIN_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap);
va_end(ap);
}
ntyExceptionPopStack;
longjmp(frame->env, ExceptionThrown);
} else if (cause) {
char message[EXCEPTIN_MESSAGE_LENGTH+1];
va_start(ap, cause);
vsnprintf(message, EXCEPTIN_MESSAGE_LENGTH, cause, ap);
va_end(ap);
printf("%s: %s\n raised in %s at %s:%d\n", excep->name, message, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line);
} else {
printf("%s: %p\n raised in %s at %s:%d\n", excep->name, excep, func ? func : "?", file ? file : "?", line);
}
}
/* ** **** ******** **************** debug **************** ******** **** ** */
ntyException A = {"AException"};
ntyException B = {"BException"};
ntyException C = {"CException"};
ntyException D = {"DException"};
void *thread(void *args) {
pthread_t selfid = pthread_self();
Try {
Throw(A, "A");
} Catch (A) {
printf("catch A : %ld\n", selfid);
} EndTry;
Try {
Throw(B, "B");
} Catch (B) {
printf("catch B : %ld\n", selfid);
} EndTry;
Try {
Throw(C, "C");
} Catch (C) {
printf("catch C : %ld\n", selfid);
} EndTry;
Try {
Throw(D, "D");
} Catch (D) {
printf("catch D : %ld\n", selfid);
} EndTry;
Try {
Throw(A, "A Again");
Throw(B, "B Again");
Throw(C, "C Again");
Throw(D, "D Again");
} Catch (A) {
printf("catch A again : %ld\n", selfid);
} Catch (B) {
printf("catch B again : %ld\n", selfid);
} Catch (C) {
printf("catch C again : %ld\n", selfid);
} Catch (D) {
printf("catch B again : %ld\n", selfid);
} EndTry;
}
#define THREADS 50
int main(void) {
ntyExceptionInit();
Throw(D, NULL);
Throw(C, "null C");
printf("\n\n=> Test1: Try-Catch\n");
Try {
Try {
Throw(B, "recall B");
} Catch (B) {
printf("recall B \n");
} EndTry;
Throw(A, NULL);
} Catch(A) {
printf("\tResult: Ok\n");
} EndTry;
printf("=> Test1: Ok\n\n");
printf("=> Test2: Test Thread-safeness\n");
#if 1
int i = 0;
pthread_t threads[THREADS];
for (i = 0;i < THREADS;i ++) {
pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, thread, NULL);
}
for (i = 0;i < THREADS;i ++) {
pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);
}
#endif
printf("=> Test2: Ok\n\n");
}
面试题:
try/catch底层如何实现的?