流程
收集数据：任何方法
准备数据：距离计算所需要的数值，最好是结构化的数据格式
分析数据：任何方法
训练算法：此步骤不适用于 k-近邻算法
测试算法：计算错误率
使用算法：输入样本数据和结构化的输出结果，然后运行 k-近邻算法判断输入数据分类属于哪个分类，最后对计算出的分类执行后续处理
特点
优点：精度高、对异常值不敏感、无数据输入假定
缺点：计算复杂度高、空间复杂度高
适用数据范围：数值型和标称型
基本原理
通过距离度量来计算查询点（query point）与每个训练数据点的距离，然后选出与查询点（query point）相近的K个最邻点（K nearest neighbors），使用分类决策来选出对应的标签来作为该查询点的标签
项目案例1: 优化约会网站的配对效果
import numpy as np
import operator
from os import listdir
基本的KNN算法实现
def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
diffMat = np.tile(inX, (dataSetSize, 1)) - dataSet
sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)
distances = sqDistances**0.5
sortedDisIndicies = distances.argsort()# 算距离
classCount = {}
for i in range(k):
voteIlabel = labels[sortedDisIndicies[i]]
classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel, 0) + 1#选择距离最近的三个
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)#降次排序
return sortedClassCount[0][0]
def createDataSet():
group = array([[1.0, 1.1], [1.0, 1.0], [0, 0], [0, 0.1]])
labels = ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B']
return group, labels
将文本记录转换为 NumPy 的解析程序
def file2matrix(filename):
love_dictionary = {'largeDoses':3, 'smallDoses':2, 'didntLike':1}
fr = open(filename)
arrayOLines = fr.readlines()
numberOfLines = len(arrayOLines)
returnMat = np.zeros((numberOfLines, 3))
classLabelVector = []
index = 0
for line in arrayOLines:
line = line.strip()
listFromLine = line.split('\t')
returnMat[index, :] = listFromLine[0:3]
if (listFromLine[-1].isdigit()):
classLabelVector.append(int(listFromLine[-1]))
else:
classLabelVector.append(love_dictionary.get(listFromLine[-1]))
index += 1
return returnMat, classLabelVector
归一化
def autoNorm(dataSet):
minVals = dataSet.min(0)
maxVals = dataSet.max(0)
ranges = maxVals - minVals
normDataSet = np.zeros(np.shape(dataSet))
m = dataSet.shape[0]
normDataSet = dataSet - np.tile(minVals, (m, 1))
normDataSet = normDataSet/np.tile(ranges, (m, 1))
return normDataSet, ranges, minVals
kNN 分类器针对约会网站的测试代码
def datingClassTest():
hoRatio = 0.50
datingDataMat, datingLabels = file2matrix(
'G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/datingTestSet.txt') #load data setfrom file
normMat, ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
m = normMat.shape[0]
# 设置测试的样本数量， numTestVecs:m表示训练样本的数量
numTestVecs = int(m * hoRatio)
errorCount = 0.0
for i in range(numTestVecs):
classifierResult = classify0(normMat[i, :], normMat[numTestVecs:m, :],
datingLabels[numTestVecs:m], 3)
print("the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (
classifierResult, datingLabels[i]))
if classifierResult != datingLabels[i]:
errorCount += 1.0
print("the total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount / float(numTestVecs)))
print(errorCount)
约会网站预测函数
def classifyPerson():
resultList = ['not at all', 'in small doses', 'in large doses']
percentTats = float(input("percentage of time spent playing video games ?"))
ffMiles = float(input("frequent filer miles earned per year?"))
iceCream = float(input("liters of ice cream consumed per year?"))
datingDataMat, datingLables = file2matrix('G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/datingTestSet2.txt')
normMat ,ranges, minVals = autoNorm(datingDataMat)
inArr = np.array([ffMiles, percentTats, iceCream])
classifierResult = classify0((inArr-minVals)/ranges, normMat, datingLables, 3)
print ("You will probably like this person: ", resultList[classifierResult - 1])
项目案例2: 手写数字识别系统
收集数据：提供文本文件。
准备数据：编写函数 img2vector(), 将图像格式转换为分类器使用的向量格式
分析数据：在 Python 命令提示符中检查数据，确保它符合要求
训练算法：此步骤不适用于 KNN
测试算法：编写函数使用提供的部分数据集作为测试样本，测试样本与非测试样本的
区别在于测试样本是已经完成分类的数据，如果预测分类与实际类别不同，
则标记为一个错误
使用算法：本例没有完成此步骤，若你感兴趣可以构建完整的应用程序，从图像中提取
数字，并完成数字识别，美国的邮件分拣系统就是一个实际运行的类似系统
将图像文本数据转换为向量
def img2vector(filename):
returnVector = np.zeros((1, 1024))
fr = open(filename)
for i in range(32):
lineStr = fr.readline()
for j in range(32):
returnVector[0, 32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
return returnVector
def handwrintingClassTest():
hwlabels = []
trainingFileList = listdir('G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/trainingDigits')
m = len(trainingFileList)
trainingMat = np.zeros((m, 1024))
for i in range(m):
fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
hwlabels.append(classNumStr)
trainingMat[i, :] = img2vector('G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
testFile = listdir('G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/testDigits')
errorCount = 0.0
mTest = len(testFile)
for i in range(mTest):
fileNameStr = testFile[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split()[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
vectorUnderTest = img2vector('G:/python/machinelearninginaction/Ch02/testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, trainingMat, hwlabels, 3)
print("the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d" % (
classifierResult, classNumStr))
if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0
print("\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount)
print("\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount / float(mTest)))
handwrintingClassTest()
注（运行中发现的问题）
python3中的重新载入模块
>>>import imp
>>>imp.reload(kNN)
以下为学习黄海广博士 整理的李航老师的《统计学习方法》的记录
距离度量
import math
from itertools import combinations
def L (x, y, p=2):
# x1 = [1, 1], x2 = [5, 1]
if len(x) == len(y) and len(x) > 1:
sum = 0
for i in range(len(x)):
sum += math.pow(abs(x[i] - y[i]), p)
return math.pow(sum, 1/p)
else:
return 0
x1 = [1, 1]
x2 = [5, 1]
x3 = [4, 4]
# x1, x2
for i in range(1, 5):
r = {'1-{}'.format(c): L(x1, c, p = i) for c in [x2, x3]}
print(min(zip(r.values(), r.keys())))
(4.0, '1-[5, 1]')
(4.0, '1-[5, 1]')
(3.7797631496846193, '1-[4, 4]')
(3.5676213450081633, '1-[4, 4]')
用python实现，遍历所有数据，找出n个距离最近的点的分类情况，少数服从多数
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from collections import Counter
# data
iris = load_iris()
df = pd.DataFrame(iris.data, columns=iris.feature_names)
df['label'] = iris.target
df.columns = ['sepal length', 'sepal width', 'petal length', 'petal width', 'label']
# data = np.array(df.iloc[:100, [0, 1, -1]])
df
sepal length sepal width petal length petal width label
0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 0
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 0
2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 0
3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 0
4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 0
5 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 0
6 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 0
7 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 0
8 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 0
9 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 0
10 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 0
11 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 0
12 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 0
13 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 0
14 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 0
15 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 0
16 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 0
17 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 0
18 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 0
19 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 0
20 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 0
21 5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4 0
22 4.6 3.6 1.0 0.2 0
23 5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5 0
24 4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2 0
25 5.0 3.0 1.6 0.2 0
26 5.0 3.4 1.6 0.4 0
27 5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2 0
28 5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2 0
29 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2 0
... ... ... ... ... ...
120 6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3 2
121 5.6 2.8 4.9 2.0 2
122 7.7 2.8 6.7 2.0 2
123 6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8 2
124 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1 2
125 7.2 3.2 6.0 1.8 2
126 6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8 2
127 6.1 3.0 4.9 1.8 2
128 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1 2
129 7.2 3.0 5.8 1.6 2
130 7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9 2
131 7.9 3.8 6.4 2.0 2
132 6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2 2
133 6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5 2
134 6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4 2
135 7.7 3.0 6.1 2.3 2
136 6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4 2
137 6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8 2
138 6.0 3.0 4.8 1.8 2
139 6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1 2
140 6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4 2
141 6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3 2
142 5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9 2
143 6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3 2
144 6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5 2
145 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 2
146 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 2
147 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 2
148 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 2
149 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 2
150 rows × 5 columns
plt.scatter(df[:50]['sepal length'], df[:50]['sepal width'],label='0')
plt.scatter(df[50:100]['sepal length'], df[50:100]['sepal width'],label='1')
plt.xlabel('sepal length')
plt.ylabel('sepal width')
plt.legend()
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0xbea13c8>
data = np.array(df.iloc[:100, [0, 1, -1]])
X, y = data[:, : -1], data[:, -1]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2)
ata = np.array(df.iloc[:100, [0, 1, -1]])
X, y = data[:,:-1], data[:,-1]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2)
class KNN:
def __init__(self, X_train, y_train, n_neighbors=3, p=2):
"""
parameter: n_neighbors 临近点个数
parameter: p 距离度量
"""
self.n = n_neighbors
self.p = p
self.X_train = X_train
self.y_train = y_train
def predict(self, X):
# 取出n个点
knn_list = []
for i in range(self.n):
dist = np.linalg.norm(X - self.X_train[i], ord=self.p)
knn_list.append((dist, self.y_train[i]))
for i in range(self.n, len(self.X_train)):
max_index = knn_list.index(max(knn_list, key=lambda x: x[0]))
dist = np.linalg.norm(X - self.X_train[i], ord=self.p)
if knn_list[max_index][0] > dist:
knn_list[max_index] = (dist, self.y_train[i])
# 统计
knn = [k[-1] for k in knn_list]
count_pairs = Counter(knn)
# max_count = sorted(count_pairs, key=lambda x: x)[-1]
max_count = sorted(count_pairs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])[-1][0]
return max_count
def score(self, X_test, y_test):
right_count = 0
n = 10
for X, y in zip(X_test, y_test):
label = self.predict(X)
if label == y:
right_count += 1
return right_count / len(X_test)
train
clf = KNN(X_train, y_train)
est
clf.score(X_test, y_test)
1.0
test_point = [6.0, 3.0]
print('Test Point: {}'.format(clf.predict(test_point)))
Test Point: 1.0
plt.scatter(df[:50]['sepal length'], df[:50]['sepal width'], label='0')
plt.scatter(df[50:100]['sepal length'], df[50:100]['sepal width'], label='1')
plt.plot(test_point[0], test_point[1], 'bo', label='test_point')
plt.xlabel('sepal length')
plt.ylabel('sepal width')
plt.legend()
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0xcb53fd0>
scikit-learn实例
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
clf_sk = KNeighborsClassifier()
clf_sk.fit(X_train, y_train)
KNeighborsClassifier(algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, metric='minkowski',
metric_params=None, n_jobs=None, n_neighbors=5, p=2,
weights='uniform')
clf_sk.score(X_test, y_test)
1.0
kd-tree
# kd-tree每个节点中最主要包含的数据结构如下
class KdNode(object):
def __init__(self, dom_elt, split, left, right):
self.dom_elt = dom_elt # k维向量节点(k维空间中的一个样本点)
self.split = split # 整数（进行分割维度的序号）
self.left = left # 该结点分割超平面左子空间构成的kd-tree
self.right = right # 该结点分割超平面右子空间构成的kd-tree
class KdTree(object):
def __init__(self, data):
k = len(data[0]) # 数据维度
def CreateNode(split, data_set): # 按第split维划分数据集exset创建KdNode
if not data_set: # 数据集为空
return None
# key参数的值为一个函数，此函数只有一个参数且返回一个值用来进行比较
# operator模块提供的itemgetter函数用于获取对象的哪些维的数据，参数为需要获取的数据在对象中的序号
#data_set.sort(key=itemgetter(split)) # 按要进行分割的那一维数据排序
data_set.sort(key=lambda x: x[split])
split_pos = len(data_set) // 2 # //为Python中的整数除法
median = data_set[split_pos] # 中位数分割点
split_next = (split + 1) % k # cycle coordinates
# 递归的创建kd树
return KdNode(
median,
split,
CreateNode(split_next, data_set[:split_pos]), # 创建左子树
CreateNode(split_next, data_set[split_pos + 1:])) # 创建右子树
self.root = CreateNode(0, data) # 从第0维分量开始构建kd树,返回根节点
# KDTree的前序遍历
def preorder(root):
print(root.dom_elt)
if root.left: # 节点不为空
preorder(root.left)
if root.right:
preorder(root.right)
# 对构建好的kd树进行搜索，寻找与目标点最近的样本点：
from math import sqrt
from collections import namedtuple
# 定义一个namedtuple,分别存放最近坐标点、最近距离和访问过的节点数
result = namedtuple("Result_tuple",
"nearest_point nearest_dist nodes_visited")
def find_nearest(tree, point):
k = len(point) # 数据维度
def travel(kd_node, target, max_dist):
if kd_node is None:
return result([0] * k, float("inf"),
0) # python中用float("inf")和float("-inf")表示正负无穷
nodes_visited = 1
s = kd_node.split # 进行分割的维度
pivot = kd_node.dom_elt # 进行分割的“轴”
if target[s] <= pivot[s]: # 如果目标点第s维小于分割轴的对应值(目标离左子树更近)
nearer_node = kd_node.left # 下一个访问节点为左子树根节点
further_node = kd_node.right # 同时记录下右子树
else: # 目标离右子树更近
nearer_node = kd_node.right # 下一个访问节点为右子树根节点
further_node = kd_node.left
temp1 = travel(nearer_node, target, max_dist) # 进行遍历找到包含目标点的区域
nearest = temp1.nearest_point # 以此叶结点作为“当前最近点”
dist = temp1.nearest_dist # 更新最近距离
nodes_visited += temp1.nodes_visited
if dist < max_dist:
max_dist = dist # 最近点将在以目标点为球心，max_dist为半径的超球体内
temp_dist = abs(pivot[s] - target[s]) # 第s维上目标点与分割超平面的距离
if max_dist < temp_dist: # 判断超球体是否与超平面相交
return result(nearest, dist, nodes_visited) # 不相交则可以直接返回，不用继续判断
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# 计算目标点与分割点的欧氏距离
temp_dist = sqrt(sum((p1 - p2)**2 for p1, p2 in zip(pivot, target)))
if temp_dist < dist: # 如果“更近”
nearest = pivot # 更新最近点
dist = temp_dist # 更新最近距离
max_dist = dist # 更新超球体半径
# 检查另一个子结点对应的区域是否有更近的点
temp2 = travel(further_node, target, max_dist)
nodes_visited += temp2.nodes_visited
if temp2.nearest_dist < dist: # 如果另一个子结点内存在更近距离
nearest = temp2.nearest_point # 更新最近点
dist = temp2.nearest_dist # 更新最近距离
return result(nearest, dist, nodes_visited)
return travel(tree.root, point, float("inf")) # 从根节点开始递归
# 对构建好的kd树进行搜索，寻找与目标点最近的样本点：
from math import sqrt
from collections import namedtuple
# 定义一个namedtuple,分别存放最近坐标点、最近距离和访问过的节点数
result = namedtuple("Result_tuple",
"nearest_point nearest_dist nodes_visited")
def find_nearest(tree, point):
k = len(point) # 数据维度
def travel(kd_node, target, max_dist):
if kd_node is None:
return result([0] * k, float("inf"),
0) # python中用float("inf")和float("-inf")表示正负无穷
nodes_visited = 1
s = kd_node.split # 进行分割的维度
pivot = kd_node.dom_elt # 进行分割的“轴”
if target[s] <= pivot[s]: # 如果目标点第s维小于分割轴的对应值(目标离左子树更近)
nearer_node = kd_node.left # 下一个访问节点为左子树根节点
further_node = kd_node.right # 同时记录下右子树
else: # 目标离右子树更近
nearer_node = kd_node.right # 下一个访问节点为右子树根节点
further_node = kd_node.left
temp1 = travel(nearer_node, target, max_dist) # 进行遍历找到包含目标点的区域
nearest = temp1.nearest_point # 以此叶结点作为“当前最近点”
dist = temp1.nearest_dist # 更新最近距离
nodes_visited += temp1.nodes_visited
if dist < max_dist:
max_dist = dist # 最近点将在以目标点为球心，max_dist为半径的超球体内
temp_dist = abs(pivot[s] - target[s]) # 第s维上目标点与分割超平面的距离
if max_dist < temp_dist: # 判断超球体是否与超平面相交
return result(nearest, dist, nodes_visited) # 不相交则可以直接返回，不用继续判断
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# 计算目标点与分割点的欧氏距离
temp_dist = sqrt(sum((p1 - p2)**2 for p1, p2 in zip(pivot, target)))
if temp_dist < dist: # 如果“更近”
nearest = pivot # 更新最近点
dist = temp_dist # 更新最近距离
max_dist = dist # 更新超球体半径
# 检查另一个子结点对应的区域是否有更近的点
temp2 = travel(further_node, target, max_dist)
nodes_visited += temp2.nodes_visited
if temp2.nearest_dist < dist: # 如果另一个子结点内存在更近距离
nearest = temp2.nearest_point # 更新最近点
dist = temp2.nearest_dist # 更新最近距离
return result(nearest, dist, nodes_visited)
return travel(tree.root, point, float("inf")) # 从根节点开始递归
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