Linq标准查询操作符（一）

一、投影操作符

1. Select

Select操作符对单个序列或集合中的值进行投影。下面的示例中使用select从序列中返回Employee表的所有列：

//查询语法
var query = from e in db.Employees
    		where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
    		select e;

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title], 
    [Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy], 
    [Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate], 
    [Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate], 
    [Extent1].[Address] AS [Address], 
    [Extent1].[City] AS [City], 
    [Extent1].[Region] AS [Region], 
    [Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[Country] AS [Country], 
    [Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone], 
    [Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension], 
    [Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo], 
    [Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes], 
    [Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo], 
    [Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'      

//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
        .Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
        .Select(e => e);

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title], 
    [Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy], 
    [Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate], 
    [Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate], 
    [Extent1].[Address] AS [Address], 
    [Extent1].[City] AS [City], 
    [Extent1].[Region] AS [Region], 
    [Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[Country] AS [Country], 
    [Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone], 
    [Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension], 
    [Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo], 
    [Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes], 
    [Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo], 
    [Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'
 

可以简写为：

var qq = db.Employees
         .Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
         .ToList();

---

当然，你也可以返回单个列，例如：

var query = from e in db.Employees
            where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
            select e.FirstName;
var query1 = db.Employees
			.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
            .Select(e => e.FirstName);

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'

如果像上面这样，只查询单列，则返回类似于无名称的数组，并不能用于生成Json。

如果想返回单列匿名类，应

var query1 = db.Employees
			.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
            .Select(e => new { e.FirstName })
            .ToList();

返回结果为：

---

你也可以返回序列中的某几列，例如：

var query = (from e in db.Employees
            where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
            select new
            {
               e.FirstName,
               e.LastName,
               e.Title
            }).ToList();
             
var query1 = db.Employees
			.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
            .Select(e => new
            {
                e.FirstName,
                e.LastName,
                e.Title
            }).ToList();

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    1 AS [C1], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'

查询多列，返回的是一个匿名类

2. SelectMany

SelectMany操作符提供了将多个from子句组合起来的功能，它将每个对象的结果合并成单个序列。下面是一个示例：

var query = (from e in db.Employees
             from o in e.Orders
             select o).ToList();
//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
        .SelectMany(e => e.Orders)
        .ToList();

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[OrderID] AS [OrderID], 
    [Extent1].[CustomerID] AS [CustomerID], 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[OrderDate] AS [OrderDate], 
    [Extent1].[RequiredDate] AS [RequiredDate], 
    [Extent1].[ShippedDate] AS [ShippedDate], 
    [Extent1].[ShipVia] AS [ShipVia], 
    [Extent1].[Freight] AS [Freight], 
    [Extent1].[ShipName] AS [ShipName], 
    [Extent1].[ShipAddress] AS [ShipAddress], 
    [Extent1].[ShipCity] AS [ShipCity], 
    [Extent1].[ShipRegion] AS [ShipRegion], 
    [Extent1].[ShipPostalCode] AS [ShipPostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[ShipCountry] AS [ShipCountry]
    FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [Extent1]
    WHERE [Extent1].[EmployeeID] IS NOT NULL

场景：Employee与Order为0或1对多的关系，也就是Order的EmployeeID可以为null
从生成的sql语句也可以看到，只查询出了Order的EmployeeID不为null的所有Order记录。

二、限制操作符

where

Where是限制操作符，它将过滤标准应用在序列上，按照提供的逻辑对序列中的数据进行过滤。
Where操作符不启动查询的执行。当开始对序列进行遍历时查询才开始执行，此时过滤条件将被应用到查询中。Where操作符的使用方法已经在第一节中出现过，这里不再冗述。

三、排序操作符

排序操作符，包括OrderBy、OrderByDescending、ThenBy、ThenByDescending和Reverse，提供了升序或者降序排序。

1. OrderBy

OrderBy操作符将序列中的元素按照升序排列。下面的示例演示了这一点：

//查询语法
var query = (from e in db.Employees
    		orderby e.FirstName
    		select e).ToList();
//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
    	.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
    	.ToList();

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title], 
    [Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy], 
    [Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate], 
    [Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate], 
    [Extent1].[Address] AS [Address], 
    [Extent1].[City] AS [City], 
    [Extent1].[Region] AS [Region], 
    [Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[Country] AS [Country], 
    [Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone], 
    [Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension], 
    [Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo], 
    [Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes], 
    [Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo], 
    [Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC

因为未使用Select，所以返回的为动态包装类。
这里可以使用OrderBy的重载方法OrderBy(Func<T,TKey>,IComparer)来指定序列的排序方式。

2. OrderByDescending

OrderByDescending操作符将序列中的元素按照降序排列。用法与OrderBy相同，这里不再演示。

3. ThenBy

ThenBy操作符实现按照次关键字对序列进行升序排列。此操作符的查询语法与方法语法略有不同，以下代码演示了这一点：

//查询语法
var query = (from e in db.Employees
     		orderby e.FirstName, e.LastName
     		select e).ToList();
//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
    	.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
    	.ThenBy(e => e.LastName)
    	.ToList();

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title], 
    [Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy], 
    [Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate], 
    [Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate], 
    [Extent1].[Address] AS [Address], 
    [Extent1].[City] AS [City], 
    [Extent1].[Region] AS [Region], 
    [Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[Country] AS [Country], 
    [Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone], 
    [Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension], 
    [Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo], 
    [Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes], 
    [Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo], 
    [Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC, [Extent1].[LastName] ASC

4. ThenByDescending

ThenByDescending操作符实现按照次关键字对序列进行降序排列。此操作符的查询语法与方法语法略有不同，以下代码演示了这一点：

//查询语法
var query = from e in db.Employees
    		orderby e.FirstName,e.LastName descending
    		select e;
//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
    	.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
    	.ThenByDescending(e => e.LastName)
    	.Select(e => e);
foreach (var item in query)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.FirstName);
}

生成的sql:

SELECT 
    [Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID], 
    [Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName], 
    [Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName], 
    [Extent1].[Title] AS [Title], 
    [Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy], 
    [Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate], 
    [Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate], 
    [Extent1].[Address] AS [Address], 
    [Extent1].[City] AS [City], 
    [Extent1].[Region] AS [Region], 
    [Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode], 
    [Extent1].[Country] AS [Country], 
    [Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone], 
    [Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension], 
    [Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo], 
    [Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes], 
    [Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo], 
    [Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
    ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC, [Extent1].[LastName] DESC  
 

5. Reverse

Reverse将会把序列中的元素按照从后到前的循序反转。需要注意的是，Reverse方法的返回值是void，以下代码演示了这一点

//方法语法
var q = db.Employees
     .Select(e => e.FirstName)
     .ToList();
q.Reverse();