C语言基础

二级指针变量

*保存指针变量的首地址
`
int a = 10;
int *p = &a;
int * *pp = &p;
printf("a = %d \n", a);
printf("*p = %d \n", *p);
printf("**pp = %d \n", **pp);   
//输出结果都为10
`

动态申请和释放堆区内存

`
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>// 包含malloc()和 free()

int main(){
    int n = 0;
    printf("Input n = \n");
    scanf("%d", &n);
    //void *malloc()
    //malloc()返回值为 void *，可以赋值给任意类型的指针变量
    int *p = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * n);
    printf("Input number: \n");
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        scanf("%d", (p+i));//等价于 &p[i]
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
        printf("p[%d] = %d\n", i, *(p + i));
    }

    free(p);//释放堆区内存
    p = NULL;//为了防止野指针的出现，将p指向NULL


    return 0;
}   
`

结构体

`
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>

struct Student{
    int id;
    char name[10];
    float score;
};

int main(){

    struct Student s1;//结构体变量
    struct Student *p = &s1;//结构体指针变量

    s1.id = 1001;
    //由于 s1.name 表示地址，所以不能直接赋值
    strcpy(s1.name, "xiaoming");
    s1.score = 100.0;

    printf("id = %d \n", s1.id);
    printf("name = %s \n", s1.name);
    printf("score = %f \n", s1.score);

    (*p).id = 1002;
    p->id = 1003;
    strcpy(p->name, "xiaohong");
    p->score = 99.9;

    printf("id = %d \n", p->id);
    printf("name = %s \n", p->name);
    printf("score = %f \n", p->score);

    return 0;
}
`

联合体和枚举

`
#include<stdio.h>
//结构体类型中每个成员都有自己的一块内存空间 
struct St{
    int a;
    float b;
    long c;
};
//联合体类型中所有成员共享一块内存空间 
union Un{
    int a;
    float b;
    long c;
};
//枚举表示一系列整形常量的集合 
enum En{
    One = 10,
    Two,
    Three
};


int main(){
    struct St s;
    union Un u;
    enum En e1, e2, e3;

    s.a = 10;
    s.b = 20.0;
    s.c = 30; 

    u.a = 10;
    u.b = 20.0;

    e1 = One;
    e2 = Two;
    e3 = Three;

    printf("sizeof(struct St) = %d\n", sizeof(struct St));
    printf("sizeof(union Un) = %d\n", sizeof(union Un));

    printf("s.a = %d \n", s.a);
    printf("s.b = %f \n", s.b);
    printf("s.c = %d \n", s.c);

    printf("&u.a = %p \n", &u.a);
    printf("&u.b = %p \n", &u.b);
    printf("u.b = %f \n", u.b);

    printf("e1 = %d \n", e1);
    printf("e2 = %d \n", e2);
    printf("e3 = %d \n", e3);

    return 0;
}
`