关于RMQ

        RMQ（Range Minimum/Maximum Query），即区间最值查询，是指这样一个问题：对于长度为n的数列A，回答若干次询问RMQ(i,j)，返回数列A中下标在区间[i,j]中的最小/大值。其实这个问题线段树也可以解决，但线段树太繁琐，代码量巨大。
        本文介绍一种比较高效的ST算法解决这个问题。ST（Sparse Table）算法可以在O(nlogn)时间内进行预处理，然后在O(1)时间内回答每个查询。
1）预处理
       设A[i]是要求区间最值的数列，F[i, j]表示从第i个数起连续2^j个数中的最大值。（DP的状态）
       我们把F[i，j]平均分成两段（因为F[i，j]一定是偶数个数字），从 i 到i + 2 ^ (j - 1) - 1为一段，i + 2 ^ (j - 1)到i + 2 ^ j - 1为一段(长度都为2 ^ (j - 1))。于是我们得到了状态转移方程F[i, j]=max（F[i，j-1], F[i + 2^(j-1)，j-1]）。
2)查询
       假如我们需要查询的区间为(i,j)，那么我们需要找到覆盖这个闭区间(左边界取i，右边界取j)的最小幂（可以重复，比如查询1，2，3，4，5，我们可以查询1234和2345）。
       因为这个区间的长度为j - i + 1,所以我们可以取k=log2( j - i + 1)，则有：RMQ(i, j)=max{F[i , k], F[ j - 2 ^ k + 1, k]}。

       举例说明，要求区间[1，5]的最大值，k = log2（5 - 1 + 1）= 2，即求max(F[1, 2]，F[5 - 2 ^ 2 + 1, 2])=max(F[1, 2]，F[2, 2])；

       例题：POJ3264。

Balanced Lineup

Time Limit: 5000MS		Memory Limit: 65536K
Total Submissions: 58983		Accepted: 27611
Case Time Limit: 2000MS

Description

For the daily milking, Farmer John's N cows (1 ≤ N ≤ 50,000) always line up in the same order. One day Farmer John decides to organize a game of Ultimate Frisbee with some of the cows. To keep things simple, he will take a contiguous range of cows from the milking lineup to play the game. However, for all the cows to have fun they should not differ too much in height.

Farmer John has made a list of Q (1 ≤ Q ≤ 200,000) potential groups of cows and their heights (1 ≤ height ≤ 1,000,000). For each group, he wants your help to determine the difference in height between the shortest and the tallest cow in the group.

Input

Line 1: Two space-separated integers,  N and  Q. 
Lines 2.. N+1: Line  i+1 contains a single integer that is the height of cow  i 
Lines  N+2.. N+ Q+1: Two integers  A and  B (1 ≤  A ≤  B ≤  N), representing the range of cows from  A to  B inclusive.

Output

Lines 1.. Q: Each line contains a single integer that is a response to a reply and indicates the difference in height between the tallest and shortest cow in the range.

Sample Input

6 3
1
7
3
4
2
5
1 5
4 6
2 2

Sample Output

6
3
0

Source

USACO 2007 January Silver

       模板题，直接套代码。

Code：

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<cstdio>
#define N 50005
using namespace std;
int maxn[N][20],minn[N][20];
inline int read()
{
	int x=0,f=1;char s=getchar();
	while(s<'0'||s>'9'){if(s=='-')f=-1;s=getchar();}
	while(s<='9'&&s>='0'){x=x*10+s-'0';s=getchar();}
	return x*f;
}
int main()
{
	int n=read(),q=read();
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
	{  
		int a=read();
		maxn[i][0]=minn[i][0]=a;
	}
    for(int j=1;j<20;j++)
		for(int i=1;i<=n+1-(1<<j);i++)
		{
			maxn[i][j]=max(maxn[i][j-1],maxn[i+(1<<(j-1))][j-1]);
			minn[i][j]=min(minn[i][j-1],minn[i+(1<<(j-1))][j-1]);
		}
	for(int i=1;i<=q;++i)
	{
		int x=read(),y=read();
		if(x>y)swap(x,y);
		int k=log2(double(y-x+1));
		printf("%d\n",max(maxn[x][k],maxn[y-(1<<k)+1][k])-min(minn[x][k],minn[y-(1<<k)+1][k]));
	}
}