centos 常用命令 2019-11-24

centos 常用命令

系统常用命令

systemctl   系统启动软件命令 
disable  禁止启动
enable  开机启动
start  启动
restart  重启
status  查看状态
ps aux | grep  (进程名)   查看进程
su-  切换到root权限
shutdown -h now 关机
shutdown -r now 重启
top  罗列出使用cup资源最多的任务 (q退出)
pstree  以树状图显示程序
man (程序名)  查询程序手册
passwd  修改密码
df -h  显示磁盘使用情况

firewalld.service 系统防火墙

文件与目录操作

cd  进入目录 要加/
cd ..  返回上一级目录
cd ../..  返回上两级目录
cd -  返回上次所在目录
cp file1 file2  复制文件
cp -a dir1 dir2  复制目录
cp -a /tmp/dir1 . 复制一个目录到当前目录
ls  显示所有文件
ls -a 显示隐藏文件
ls -l  显示详细信息
ls -lrt  按时间显示文件(l便是详细列表,r表示反向排序,t便是时间排序)
pwd  显示当前工作路径
mkdir  创建目录 (多个目录空格隔开)
mkdir -p /tem/a/p  创建一个目录树
mv dir1 dir2 移动/重命名一个目录
rm -f  删除目录
rm -rf  删除目录及其子目录

查看文件内容

cat  从第一个字节开始查看文件内容
head -行数 fiel1  查看文件前两行
more file 查看一个长文件的内容
tac 从文件最后一行开始查看  -行数 倒数几行查看文件

文本内容处理

grep str /temp/test  在指定目录中的文件查找str
grep ^str /temp/test 在指定目录中的文件查找以str 开始的行
grep [0-9] /tmp/test  查找 ‘/tmp/test’ 文件中所有包含数字的行
grep str -r /tmp/*  在目录 ‘/tmp’ 及其子目录中查找 “str”
diff file1 file2  找出两个文件的不同处
sdiff file1 file2  以对比的方式显示两个文件的不同		

vi 操作命令

操作	解析
i	进入编辑文本模式
Esc	退出编辑文本模式
:w	保存当前修改
:q	不保存退出vi
:wq	保存当前修改并退出vi

查询操作

find / -name file1	从 ‘/’ 开始进入根文件系统查找文件和目录
find / -user user1	查找属于用户 ‘user1’ 的文件和目录
find /home/user1 -name *.bin	在目录 ‘/ home/user1’ 中查找以 ‘.bin’ 结尾的文件
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100	查找在过去100天内未被使用过的执行文件
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10	查找在10天内被创建或者修改过的文件
locate *.ps	寻找以 ‘.ps’ 结尾的文件,先运行 ‘updatedb’ 命令
find -name ‘*.[ch]’ | xargs grep -E ‘expr’	在当前目录及其子目录所有.c和.h文件中查找 ‘expr’
find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F ‘expr’	在当前目录及其子目录的常规文件中查找 ‘expr’
find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F ‘expr’	在当前目录中查找 ‘expr’

压缩、解压

bzip2 file1	压缩 file1
bunzip2 file1.bz2	解压 file1.bz2
gzip file1	压缩 file1
gzip -9 file1	最大程度压缩 file1
gunzip file1.gz	解压 file1.gz
tar -cvf archive.tar file1	把file1打包成 archive.tar(-c: 建立压缩档案;-v: 显示所有过程;-f: 使用档案名字,是必须的,是最后一个参数)
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 dir1	把 file1,dir1 打包成 archive.tar
tar -tf archive.tar	显示一个包中的内容
tar -xvf archive.tar	释放一个包
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp	把压缩包释放到 /tmp目录下
zip file1.zip file1	创建一个zip格式的压缩包
zip -r file1.zip file1 dir1	把文件和目录压缩成一个zip格式的压缩包
unzip file1.zip	解压一个zip格式的压缩包到当前目录
unzip test.zip -d /tmp/	解压一个zip格式的压缩包到 /tmp 目录

yum 安装器

yum -y install [package]	下载并安装一个rpm包
yum localinstall [package.rpm]	安装一个rpm包,使用你自己的软件仓库解决所有依赖关系
yum -y update	更新当前系统中安装的所有rpm包
yum update [package]	更新一个rpm包
yum remove [package]	删除一个rpm包
yum list	列出当前系统中安装的所有包
yum search [package]	在rpm仓库中搜寻软件包
yum clean [package]	清除缓存目录(/var/cache/yum)下的软件包
yum clean headers	删除所有头文件
yum clean all	删除所有缓存的包和头文件

网络相关

ifconfig eth0	显示一个以太网卡的配置
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0	配置网卡的IP地址
ifdown eth0	禁用 ‘eth0’ 网络设备
ifup eth0	启用 ‘eth0’ 网络设备
iwconfig eth1	显示一个无线网卡的配置
iwlist scan	显示无线网络
ip addr show	显示网卡的IP地址

命令缩写

pwd: print work directory 打印当前目录 显示出当前工作目录的绝对路径
ps: process status(进程状态,类似于windows的任务管理器)
常用参数:-auxf
ps -auxf 显示进程状态
df: disk free 其功能是显示磁盘可用空间数目信息及空间结点信息。换句话说,就是报告在任何安装的设备或目录中,还剩多少自由的空间。
du: Disk usage
rpm:即RedHat Package Management,是RedHat的发明之一
rmdir:Remove Directory(删除目录)
rm:Remove(删除目录或文件)
cat: concatenate 连锁
cat file1file2>>file3 把文件1和文件2的内容联合起来放到file3中
insmod: install module,载入模块
ln -s : link -soft 创建一个软链接,相当于创建一个快捷方式
mkdir:Make Directory(创建目录)
touch: touch
man: Manual
su:Swith user(切换用户)
cd:Change directory
ls:List files
ps:Process Status
mkdir:Make directory
rmdir:Remove directory
mkfs: Make file system
fsck:File system check
uname: Unix name
lsmod: List modules
mv: Move file
rm: Remove file
cp: Copy file
ln: Link files
fg: Foreground
bg: Background
chown: Change owner
chgrp: Change group
chmod: Change mode
umount: Unmount
dd: 本来应根据其功能描述"Convert an copy"命名为"cc",但"cc"已经被用以代表"CComplier",所以命名为"dd"
tar:Tape archive (磁带档案)
ldd:List dynamic dependencies
insmod:Install module
rmmod:Remove module
lsmod:List module
文件结尾的"rc"(如.bashrc、.xinitrc等):Resource configuration
Knnxxx /Snnxxx(位于rcx.d目录下):K(Kill);S(Service);nn(执行顺序号);xxx(服务标识)
.a(扩展名a):Archive,static library
.so(扩展名so):Shared object,dynamically linked library
.o(扩展名o):Object file,complied result of C/C++ source file
RPM:Red hat package manager
dpkg:Debian package manager
apt:Advanced package tool(Debian或基于Debian的发行版中提供)

其他命令缩写

bin = Binaries (二进制文件)

/dev = Devices (设备)

/etc = Etcetera (等等)

/lib = LIBrary

/proc = Processes

/sbin = Superuser Binaries (超级用户的二进制文件)

/tmp = Temporary (临时)

/usr = Unix Shared Resources

/var = Variable (变量)

FIFO = First In, First Out

GRUB = GRand Unified Bootloader

IFS= Internal Field Seperators

LILO = LInux LOader

MySQL = My 是最初作者女儿的名字,

SQL = Structured QueryLanguage

PHP = Personal Home Page Tools = PHP HypertextPreprocessor

PS = Prompt String

Perl = “Pratical Extraction and Report Language”(实际的抽取和报告语言) =”Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister”

Python 得名于电视剧Monty Python’s Flying Circus

Tcl = Tool Command Language

Tk = ToolKit

VT = Video Terminal

YaST = Yet Another Setup Tool

apache = “a patchy” server

apt = Advanced Packaging Tool

ar = archiver

as = assembler

awk = “Aho Weiberger and Kernighan”三个作者的姓的第一个字母

bash = Bourne Again SHell

bc = Basic (Better) Calculator

bg = BackGround

biff = 作者HeidiStettner在U.C.Berkely养的一条狗,喜欢对邮递员汪汪叫。

cal = Calendar (日历)

cat = Catenate (链接)

cd = Change Directory

chgrp = Change Group

chmod = Change Mode

chown = Change Owner

chsh = Change Shell

cmp = compare

cobra = Common Object Request BrokerArchitecture

comm = common

cp = Copy

cpio = CoPy In and Out

cpp = C Pre Processor

cron = Chronos 希腊文时间

cups = Common Unix Printing System

cvs = Current Version System

daemon = Disk And Execution MONitor

dc = Desk Calculator

dd = Disk Dump (磁盘转储)

df = Disk Free

diff = Difference

dmesg = diagnostic message

du = Disk Usage

ed = editor

egrep = Extended GREP

elf = Extensible Linking Format

elm = ELectronic Mail

emacs = Editor MACroS

eval = EVALuate

ex = EXtended

exec = EXECute (执行)

fd = file descriptors

fg = ForeGround

fgrep = Fixed GREP

fmt = format

fsck = File System ChecK

fstab = FileSystem TABle

fvwm = F*** Virtual Window Manager

gawk = GNU AWK

gpg = GNU Privacy Guard

groff = GNU troff

hal = Hardware Abstraction Layer

joe = Joe’s Own Editor

ksh = Korn SHell

lame = Lame Ain’t an MP3 Encoder

lex = LEXical analyser

lisp = LISt Processing = Lots of IrritatingSuperfluous Parentheses

ln = Link

lpr = Line PRint

ls = list

lsof = LiSt Open Files

m4 = Macro processor Version 4

man = MANual pages

mawk = Mike Brennan’s AWK

mc = Midnight Commander

mkfs = MaKe FileSystem

mknod = Make Node

motd = Message of The Day

mozilla = MOsaic GodZILLa

mtab = Mount TABle

mv = Move

nano = Nano’s ANOther editor

nawk = New AWK

nl = Number of Lines

nm = names

nohup = No HangUP

nroff = New ROFF

od = Octal Dump

passwd = Passwd

pg = pager

pico = PIne’s message COmposition editor

pine = “Program for Internet News &Email” = “Pine is not Elm”

ping = 拟声 又 = Packet Internet Grouper

pirntcap = PRINTer CAPability

popd = POP Directory

pr = pre

printf = Print Formatted

ps = Processes Status

pty = pseudo tty

pushd = PUSH Directory

pwd = Print Working Directory

rc = runcom = run command, rc还是plan9的shell

rev = REVerse

rm = ReMove

rn = Read News

roff = RunOFF

rpm = RPM Package Manager = RedHat PackageManager

rsh, rlogin, rvim中的

r = Remote

rxvt = ouR XVT

seamoneky = 我

sed = Stream Editor

seq = SEQuence

shar = Shell ARchive

slrn = S-Lang rn

ssh = Secure Shell

ssl = Secure Sockets Layer

stty = Set TTY

su = Substitute User

svn = SubVersion

tar = Tape ARchive

tcsh = TENEX C shell

tee = T (T形水管接口)

telnet = TEminaL over Network

termcap = terminal capability

terminfo = terminal information

tex = τέχνη的缩写,希腊文art

tr = traslate

troff = Typesetter new ROFF

tsort = Topological SORT

tty = TeleTypewriter

twm = Tom’s Window Manager= Tom’s Window Manager

tz = TimeZone= TimeZone

udev = Userspace DEV= Userspace DEV

ulimit = User’s LIMIT= User’s LIMIT

umask = User’s MASK= User’s MASK

uniq = UNIQue= UNIQue

i = VIsual = Very Inconvenient= VIsual = Very Inconvenient

vim = Vi IMproved= Vi IMproved

wall = write all= write all

wc = Word Count= Word Count

wine = WINE Is Not an Emulator= WINE Is Not an Emulator

xargs = eXtended ARGuments= eXtended ARGuments

xdm = X Display Manager= X Display Manager

xlfd = X Logical Font Description= X Logical Font Description

xmms = X Multimedia System= X Multimedia System

xrdb = X Resources DataBase= X Resources DataBase

xwd = X Window Dump= X Window Dump

yacc = yet another compiler compiler= yet another compiler compiler

Fish = the Friendly Interactive SHellFish = the Friendly Interactive SHell

su = Switch User= Switch User

MIME = Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions= Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

ECMA = European Computer ManufacturersAssociation= European Computer ManufacturersAssociation
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