题目描述
求函数 f ( x ) = 4 2 − x 2 f(x) = \frac{4}{2-x^2} f(x)=2−x24 的图形的渐近线
求解
lim x → ∞ 4 2 − x 2 = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}{\frac{4}{2-x^2}} = 0 x→∞lim2−x24=0
证:
∀
ε
>
0
\forall \varepsilon > 0
∀ε>0,
要使
∣
4
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
| \frac{4}{2-x^2} | < \varepsilon
∣2−x24∣<ε, 需要
4
ε
<
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
\frac{4}{\varepsilon} < |2-x^2|
ε4<∣2−x2∣
\quad 1.1 子问题: 证: lim x → ∞ 2 − x 2 \lim\limits_{x\to\infty}{2-x^2} x→∞lim2−x2 极限不存在
\quad
∀
M
>
0
\forall M > 0
∀M>0,
\quad
要使
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
>
M
| 2-x^2 | > M
∣2−x2∣>M,
\quad
只要
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
⩾
x
2
−
2
>
M
| 2-x^2 | \geqslant x^2 - 2 > M
∣2−x2∣⩾x2−2>M, 即:
∣
x
∣
>
M
+
2
|x|> \sqrt{M+2}
∣x∣>M+2
\quad
令
X
=
M
+
2
X = \sqrt{M+2}
X=M+2, 当
∣
x
∣
>
X
|x| > X
∣x∣>X 时, 有:
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
>
M
| 2-x^2 | > M
∣2−x2∣>M
\quad
得
lim
x
→
∞
2
−
x
2
\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}{2-x^2}
x→∞lim2−x2 极限不存在.
可得当
∣
x
∣
>
4
ε
+
2
|x|>\sqrt{\frac{4}{\varepsilon}+2}
∣x∣>ε4+2 时,有:
4
ε
<
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
\frac{4}{\varepsilon} < |2-x^2|
ε4<∣2−x2∣, 即:
∣
4
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
| \frac{4}{2-x^2} | < \varepsilon
∣2−x24∣<ε
得:
lim
x
→
∞
4
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x\to\infty}{\frac{4}{2-x^2}} = 0
x→∞lim2−x24=0
因此, y = 0 y=0 y=0 是 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的水平渐近线。
lim x → 2 4 2 − x 2 = ∞ \lim\limits_{x\to\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{2-x^2}} = \infty x→2lim2−x24=∞( ∞ \infty ∞ 表示极限不存在)
证:
∀
M
>
0
\forall M > 0
∀M>0,
要使
∣
4
2
−
x
2
∣
>
M
| \frac{4}{2-x^2} | > M
∣2−x24∣>M, 需要
4
M
>
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
\frac{4}{M} > |2-x^2|
M4>∣2−x2∣
\quad 1.2 子问题,证: lim x → 2 2 − x 2 = 0 \lim\limits_{x\to\sqrt{2}}{2-x^2} = 0 x→2lim2−x2=0
\quad
∀
ε
>
0
\forall \varepsilon > 0
∀ε>0
\quad
要使
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
| 2-x^2 | < \varepsilon
∣2−x2∣<ε,
\quad ε \varepsilon ε 的取值情况和 ∣ 2 − x 2 ∣ | 2-x^2 | ∣2−x2∣ 图像.
\quad 1 ◯ \textcircled{1} 1◯ 0 < ε < = 2 0 < \varepsilon <= 2 0<ε<=2 且 0 < x < 2 0 < x < \sqrt{2} 0<x<2 时:
\quad\quad
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
=
2
−
x
2
|2-x^2| = 2 - x^2
∣2−x2∣=2−x2
\quad\quad
联立
y
=
ε
y = \varepsilon
y=ε 与
y
=
2
−
x
2
y = 2 - x^2
y=2−x2
\quad\quad
得
x
=
2
−
ε
x = \sqrt{2 - \varepsilon} \quad
x=2−ε (
x
>
0
x > 0
x>0, 舍去负号)
\quad\quad
可取
δ
1
=
2
−
2
−
ε
\delta_1 = \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{2 - \varepsilon}
δ1=2−2−ε
\quad\quad
当
2
−
δ
1
<
x
<
2
\sqrt{2} - \delta_1 < x < \sqrt{2}
2−δ1<x<2 时,有:
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
|2 - x^2| < \varepsilon
∣2−x2∣<ε
\quad\quad
即
lim
x
→
2
−
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^-}2-x^2 = 0
x→2−lim2−x2=0
\quad 2 ◯ \textcircled{2} 2◯ ε > 2 \varepsilon > 2 ε>2 且 0 < x < 2 0 < x < \sqrt{2} 0<x<2 时:
\quad\quad
∀
δ
2
∈
(
0
,
2
)
\forall \delta_2 \in (0, \sqrt{2})
∀δ2∈(0,2)
\quad\quad
当
2
−
δ
2
<
x
<
2
\sqrt{2} - \delta_2 < x < \sqrt{2}
2−δ2<x<2 时,有:
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
|2 - x^2| < \varepsilon
∣2−x2∣<ε
\quad\quad
即
lim
x
→
2
−
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^-}2-x^2 = 0
x→2−lim2−x2=0
\quad\quad 综上, lim x → 2 − 2 − x 2 = 0 \lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^-}2-x^2 = 0 x→2−lim2−x2=0
\quad 3 ◯ \textcircled{3} 3◯ x > 2 x > \sqrt{2} x>2 时:
\quad\quad
要使
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
=
x
2
−
2
<
ε
|2 - x^2| = x^2 - 2 < \varepsilon
∣2−x2∣=x2−2<ε
\quad\quad
只需
2
<
x
<
2
+
(
ε
+
2
−
2
)
\sqrt{2} < x < \sqrt{2} + (\sqrt{\varepsilon + 2} - \sqrt{2})
2<x<2+(ε+2−2)
\quad\quad
可取
δ
3
=
ε
+
2
−
2
\delta_3 = \sqrt{\varepsilon + 2} - \sqrt{2}
δ3=ε+2−2
\quad\quad
当
2
<
x
<
2
+
δ
3
\sqrt{2} < x < \sqrt{2} + \delta_3
2<x<2+δ3 时,有:
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
|2 - x^2| < \varepsilon
∣2−x2∣<ε
\quad\quad
即
lim
x
→
2
+
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^+}2-x^2 = 0
x→2+lim2−x2=0
\quad
由上得:
lim
x
→
2
+
2
−
x
2
=
lim
x
→
2
−
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^+}2-x^2 = \lim\limits_{x \to \sqrt{2}^-}2-x^2 = 0
x→2+lim2−x2=x→2−lim2−x2=0
\quad
故:
lim
x
→
2
2
−
x
2
=
0
\lim\limits_{x\to\sqrt{2}}{2-x^2} = 0
x→2lim2−x2=0
\quad
函数
g
(
x
)
=
2
−
x
2
g(x) = 2 - x^2
g(x)=2−x2 是当
x
→
2
x \to \sqrt{2}
x→2 时的无穷小。
由
2
−
x
2
2 - x^2
2−x2 是当
x
→
2
x \to \sqrt{2}
x→2 时的无穷小,
∀
ε
1
=
4
M
>
0
\forall \varepsilon_1 = \frac{4}{M} > 0
∀ε1=M4>0,
∃
δ
>
0
\exist \delta > 0
∃δ>0, 当 0 <
∣
x
−
2
∣
<
δ
|x - \sqrt{2}| < \delta
∣x−2∣<δ 时,
有
∣
2
−
x
2
∣
<
ε
1
=
4
M
|2 - x^2| < \varepsilon_1 = \frac{4}{M}
∣2−x2∣<ε1=M4, 即:
∣
4
2
−
x
2
∣
>
M
| \frac{4}{2-x^2} | > M
∣2−x24∣>M
得:
lim
x
→
2
4
2
−
x
2
=
∞
\lim\limits_{x\to\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{2-x^2}} = \infty
x→2lim2−x24=∞
由 f ( x ) = 4 2 − x 2 f(x) = \frac{4}{2-x^2} f(x)=2−x24 为偶函数,同理可得: lim x → − 2 4 2 − x 2 = ∞ \lim\limits_{x\to -\sqrt{2}}{\frac{4}{2-x^2}} = \infty x→−2lim2−x24=∞
因此, x = − 2 x = -\sqrt{2} x=−2 和 x = 2 x = \sqrt{2} x=2 是 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的两条铅直渐近线。