一.WebSocket简单介绍
随着互联网的发展,传统的HTTP协议已经很难满足Web应用日益复杂的需求了。近年来,随着HTML5的诞生,WebSocket协议被提出,它实现了浏览器与服务器的全双工通信,扩展了浏览器与服务端的通信功能,使服务端也能主动向客户端发送数据。
我们知道,传统的HTTP协议是无状态的,每次请求(request)都要由客户端(如 浏览器)主动发起,服务端进行处理后返回response结果,而服务端很难主动向客户端发送数据;这种客户端是主动方,服务端是被动方的传统Web模式 对于信息变化不频繁的Web应用来说造成的麻烦较小,而对于涉及实时信息的Web应用却带来了很大的不便,如带有即时通信、实时数据、订阅推送等功能的应 用。在WebSocket规范提出之前,开发人员若要实现这些实时性较强的功能,经常会使用折衷的解决方法:轮询(polling)和Comet技术。其实后者本质上也是一种轮询,只不过有所改进。
轮询是最原始的实现实时Web应用的解决方案。轮询技术要求客户端以设定的时间间隔周期性地向服务端发送请求,频繁地查询是否有新的数据改动。明显地,这种方法会导致过多不必要的请求,浪费流量和服务器资源。
Comet技术又可以分为长轮询和流技术。长轮询改进了上述的轮询技术,减小了无用的请求。它会为某些数据设定过期时间,当数据过期后才会向服务端发送请求;这种机制适合数据的改动不是特别频繁的情况。流技术通常是指客户端使用一个隐藏的窗口与服务端建立一个HTTP长连接,服务端会不断更新连接状态以保持HTTP长连接存活;这样的话,服务端就可以通过这条长连接主动将数据发送给客户端;流技术在大并发环境下,可能会考验到服务端的性能。
这两种技术都是基于请求-应答模式,都不算是真正意义上的实时技术;它们的每一次请求、应答,都浪费了一定流量在相同的头部信息上,并且开发复杂度也较大。
伴随着HTML5推出的WebSocket,真正实现了Web的实时通信,使B/S模式具备了C/S模式的实时通信能力。WebSocket的工作流程是这 样的:浏览器通过JavaScript向服务端发出建立WebSocket连接的请求,在WebSocket连接建立成功后,客户端和服务端就可以通过 TCP连接传输数据。因为WebSocket连接本质上是TCP连接,不需要每次传输都带上重复的头部数据,所以它的数据传输量比轮询和Comet技术小 了很多。本文不详细地介绍WebSocket规范,主要介绍下WebSocket在Java Web中的实现。
JavaEE 7中出了JSR-356:Java API for WebSocket规范。不少Web容器,如Tomcat,Nginx,Jetty等都支持WebSocket。Tomcat从7.0.27开始支持 WebSocket,从7.0.47开始支持JSR-356,下面的Demo代码也是需要部署在Tomcat7.0.47以上的版本才能运行。
二.WebSocket示例
2.1. 客户端(Web主页)代码:
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>websocket</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
<style type="text/css">
input#chat {
width: 410px
}
#console-container {
width: 400px;
}
#console {
border: 1px solid #CCCCCC;
border-right-color: #999999;
border-bottom-color: #999999;
height: 170px;
overflow-y: scroll;
padding: 5px;
width: 100%;
}
#console p {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
</style>
<script type="application/javascript">
"use strict";
var Chat = {};
Chat.socket = null;
Chat.connect = (function(host) {
if ('WebSocket' in window) {
Chat.socket = new WebSocket(host);
} else if ('MozWebSocket' in window) {
Chat.socket = new MozWebSocket(host);
} else {
Console.log('Error: 浏览器不支持WebSocket');
return;
}
Chat.socket.onopen = function () {
Console.log('Info: WebSocket链接已打开');
document.getElementById('chat').onkeydown = function(event) {
if (event.keyCode == 13) {
Chat.sendMessage();
}
};
};
Chat.socket.onclose = function () {
document.getElementById('chat').onkeydown = null;
Console.log('Info: webcocket关闭.');
};
Chat.socket.onmessage = function (message) {
Console.log(message.data);
};
});
Chat.initialize = function() {
if (window.location.protocol == 'http:') {
Chat.connect('ws://' + window.location.host + '/WebSocket/chat');
} else {
Chat.connect('wss://' + window.location.host + '/WebSocket/chat');
}
};
Chat.sendMessage = (function() {
var message = document.getElementById('chat').value;
if (message != '') {
Chat.socket.send(message);
document.getElementById('chat').value = '';
}
});
var Console = {};
Console.log = (function(message) {
var console = document.getElementById('console');
var p = document.createElement('p');
p.style.wordWrap = 'break-word';
p.innerHTML = message;
console.appendChild(p);
while (console.childNodes.length > 25) {
console.removeChild(console.firstChild);
}
console.scrollTop = console.scrollHeight;
});
Chat.initialize();
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {
// Remove elements with "noscript" class - <noscript> is not allowed in XHTML
var noscripts = document.getElementsByClassName("noscript");
for (var i = 0; i < noscripts.length; i++) {
noscripts[i].parentNode.removeChild(noscripts[i]);
}
}, false);
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="noscript"><h2 style="color: #ff0000">Seems your browser doesn't support Javascript! Websockets rely on Javascript being enabled. Please enable
Javascript and reload this page!</h2></div>
<div>
<p>
<input type="text" placeholder="输入文字,回车发送" id="chat" /><br>
注意:输入 消息to用户名 发送给指定用户 比如: 你好to用户1<br>
输入 消息 直接发送给全体用户
</p>
<div id="console-container">
<div id="console"/>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
2.1. Java Web后端代码:
/**
* ━━━━━━神兽出没━━━━━━
* ┏┓ ┏┓
* ┏┛┻━━━┛┻┓
* ┃ ┃
* ┃ ━ ┃
* ┃ ┳┛ ┗┳ ┃
* ┃ ┃
* ┃ ┻ ┃
* ┃ ┃
* ┗━┓ ┏━┛Code is far away from bug with the animal protecting
* ┃ ┃ 神兽保佑,代码无bug
* ┃ ┃
* ┃ ┗━━━┓
* ┃ ┣┓
* ┃ ┏┛
* ┗┓┓┏━┳┓┏┛
* ┃┫┫ ┃┫┫
* ┗┻┛ ┗┻┛
*
* ━━━━━━感觉萌萌哒━━━━━━
*/
package com.wantao.websocket;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import javax.websocket.OnClose;
import javax.websocket.OnError;
import javax.websocket.OnMessage;
import javax.websocket.OnOpen;
import javax.websocket.Session;
import javax.websocket.server.ServerEndpoint;
/**
* * 类名称:Server.java 类描述:简单的聊天室 作 者:wantao 时 间:2018年03月08日 23:11:48
*/
@ServerEndpoint(value = "/chat")
public class Server {
private static final String GUEST_PREFIX = "用户";
/**
* 一个提供原子操作的Integer的类。在Java语言中,++i和i++操作并不是线程安全的,
* 在使用的时候,不可避免的会用到synchronized关键字。 而AtomicInteger则通过一种线程安全的加减操作接口。
*/
private static final AtomicInteger connectionIds = new AtomicInteger(0);
// 存放用户的websocket
private static final Set<Server> connections = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>();
private final String nickname;
private Session session;
public Server() {
nickname = GUEST_PREFIX + connectionIds.getAndIncrement();
}
/**
* 创建连接时间调用的方法
*
* @param session
*/
@OnOpen
public void start(Session session) {
this.session = session;
connections.add(this);
String message = String.format("* %s %s", nickname, "加入聊天室");
// 上线通知
broadcast(message);
try {
// 系统问候语
SendHello(this.nickname);
// 返回在线用户
onlineList();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/**
* 链接关闭时调用方法
*/
@OnClose
public void end() {
connections.remove(this);
String message = String.format("* %s %s", nickname, "退出聊天室");
broadcast(message);
}
/**
* 传输信息过程中调用方法
*
* @param message
*/
@OnMessage
public void incoming(String message) {
// Never trust the client
// TODO: 过滤输入的内容
String m = String.format("* %s %s", nickname, message);
if (m.contains("to")) {
// 点对点发送
broadcastOneToOne(m, nickname);
} else {
// 群发
broadcast(m);
}
}
/**
* 发生错误是调用方法
*
* @param t
* @throws Throwable
*/
@OnError
public void onError(Throwable t) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("错误: " + t.toString());
}
/**
* 消息广播 通过connections,对所有其他用户推送信息的方法
*
* @param msg
*/
private static void broadcast(String msg) {
for (Server client : connections) {
try {
synchronized (client) {
client.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(msg);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("错误:向客户端发送消息失败");
connections.remove(client);
try {
client.session.close();
} catch (IOException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
String message = String.format("* %s %s", client.nickname,
"退出聊天室");
broadcast(message);
}
}
}
/**
* 点对点发送消息 通过connections,对所有其他用户推送信息的方法
*
* @param msg
*/
private static void broadcastOneToOne(String msg, String nickName) {
String[] arr = msg.split("to");
for (Server client : connections) {
try {
if (arr[1].equals(client.nickname)
|| nickName.equals(client.nickname)) {
synchronized (client) {
client.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(arr[0]);
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("错误:向客户端发送消息失败");
connections.remove(client);
try {
client.session.close();
} catch (IOException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
String message = String.format("* %s %s", client.nickname,
"退出聊天室");
broadcast(message);
}
}
}
// 系统问候语
private static void SendHello(String nickName) throws IOException {
String m = String.format("* %s %s", nickName, "你好");
for (Server client : connections) {
if (client.nickname.equals(nickName)) {
client.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(m);
}
}
}
// 在线用户
private static void onlineList() throws IOException {
String online = "";
for (Server client : connections) {
if (online.equals("")) {
online = client.nickname;
} else {
online += "," + client.nickname;
}
}
String m = String.format("* %s %s", "当前在线用户", online);
for (Server client : connections) {
client.session.getBasicRemote().sendText(m);
}
}
}
三.WebSocket效果图
备注:
package com.test;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import org.java_websocket.WebSocket;
import org.java_websocket.handshake.ClientHandshake;
import org.java_websocket.server.WebSocketServer;
public class Server extends WebSocketServer {
private static final String USER_KEY = "userkey";
private static final String WEBSOCKET_KEY = "websocketkey";
/**
* 记录当前在线人数
*/
private static Map<String, Map<String, Object>> onLineMap = new HashMap<String, Map<String, Object>>();
/**
* 记录在线人的WebSocket对象
*/
private static Map<WebSocket, String> userWebSocketMap = new HashMap<WebSocket, String>();
/**
* 记录所有用户
*/
private static List<User> users = null;
private String userId;
public Server(int port) throws UnknownHostException {
super(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
}
@Override
public void onOpen(WebSocket webSocket, ClientHandshake clientHandshake) {
// 获取用户id
String param = clientHandshake.getResourceDescriptor();
userId = param.substring(1, param.length());
if (userWebSocketMap.containsValue(userId)) {
Iterator it = userWebSocketMap.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<WebSocket, String> entry = (Entry<WebSocket, String>) it
.next();
WebSocket key = entry.getKey();
String value = entry.getValue();
if (value.equals(userId)) {
Message msg = new Message();
msg.setType("-1");
sendMessage(key, JsonKit.toJson(msg));
userWebSocketMap.remove(key);
key.close();
}
}
userWebSocketMap.put(webSocket, userId);
} else {
userWebSocketMap.put(webSocket, userId);
}
// 将当前用户id和WebSocket对象加入到在线清单
Map<String, Object> webSocketMap = null;
// 从缓存中读取用户信息
User user = User.cacheGetByUserId(userId);
if (user != null) {
webSocketMap = new HashMap<>();
webSocketMap.put(USER_KEY, user);
webSocketMap.put(WEBSOCKET_KEY, webSocket);
onLineMap.put(userId, webSocketMap);
}
// 推送消息
Map<String, Object> msgMap = null;
msgMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
msgMap.put("onLineList", getOnLineUserList());
msgMap.put("time", new Date());
// 推送所有用户到前端
users = User.dao.find(SqlXmlKit.getSql(User.SqlId.ALL));
msgMap.put("users", users);
// 推送所有管理员到前端
List<UserGroup> admins = UserGroup.dao.find(
SqlXmlKit.getSql(UserGroup.SqlId.ALL), adminId);
msgMap.put("admins", admins);
// 推送消息给所有用户
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Map<String, Object>>> it = onLineMap
.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, Map<String, Object>> entry = it.next();
String key = entry.getKey();
WebSocket tempWebSocket = (WebSocket) onLineMap.get(key).get(
WEBSOCKET_KEY);
if (tempWebSocket.isClosed()) {
it.remove();
}
sendMessage(tempWebSocket, JsonKit.toJson(msgMap));
}
// 根据用户查询未读消息
List<Message> unReadMsg = Message.dao.find(SqlXmlKit
.getSql(Message.SqlId.ALL));
msgMap.put("unReadMsg", unReadMsg);
sendMessage(webSocket, JsonKit.toJson(msgMap));
userId = null;
}
@Override
public void onMessage(WebSocket webSocket, String jsonMessage) {
Message message = JsonKit.parse(jsonMessage,Message.class);
//根据type类型获取消息(0.群体 1.个人 2.公告 3下线 4.在线诊断 -2已读消息)
if("0".equals(message.getType())){
for(String key:onLineMap.keySet()){
if(key.equals(message.getMfrom())) continue;
sendMessage((WebSocket)onLineMap.get(key).get(WEBSOCKET_KEY),JsonKit.toJson(message));
message.save();
}
}else if("1".equals(message.getType())){
sendMessage((WebSocket)onLineMap.get(message.getMto()).get(WEBSOCKET_KEY),JsonKit.toJson(message));
message.save();
}else if("2".equals(message.getType())){
String[] ids = JsonKit.parse(message.getMto(),String[].class);
for(String id :ids){
for(String key : onLineMap.keySet()){
if(onLineMap.containsKey(id)){
message.setMto(id);
message.setIstransport("0");
sendMessage((WebSocket)onLineMap.get(message.getMto()).get(WEBSOCKET_KEY),JsonKit.toJson(message));
message.save();
}else{
message.setMto(id);
message.setIstransport("1");
message.save();
}
break;
}
}
}else if("3".equals(message.getType())){
userId = message.getMfrom();
userWebSocketMap.remove(webSocket);
}else if("-2".equals(message.getType())){
String ids = message.getIds();
List<Message> unMsg = Message.dao.find(,ids);
for(int i = 0; i<unMsg.size();i++){
Message msg = (Message)unMsg.get(i);
msg.setIsTransport("0");
message.update();
}
}else{
for(String key : onLineMap.keySet()){
for(int i = 0;i<=3;i++){
message.setContent("Hello");
sendMessage((WebSocket)onLineMap.get(key).get(WEBSOCKET_KEY),JsonKit.toJson(message));
if(i==3){
WebSocket tempWebSocket = (WebSocket) onLineMap.get(key).get(WEBSOCKET_KEY);
if(tempWebSocket.isClosed()){
onLineMap.remove(key);
userWebSocketMap.remove(tempWebSocket);
}
if(tempWebSocket.isClosing()){
onLineMap.remove(key);
userWebSocketMap.remove(tempWebSocket);
}
if(tempWebSocket.isConnecting()){
onLineMap.remove(key);
userWebSocketMap.remove(tempWebSocket);
}
}
}
}
}
}
@Override
public void onClose(WebSocket arg0, int arg1, String arg2, boolean arg3) {
if (onLineMap.containsKey(userId)) {
onLineMap.remove(userId);
Map<String, Object> msgMap = null;
for (String key : onLineMap.keySet()) {
if (key.equals(userId))
continue;
WebSocket tempWebSocket = (WebSocket) onLineMap.get(key).get(
WEBSOCKET_KEY);
msgMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
msgMap.put("onLineList", getOnLineUserList());
msgMap.put("time", new Date());
sendMessage(tempWebSocket, JsonKit.toJson(msgMap));
}
}
}
@Override
public void onError(WebSocket webSocket, Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
public void sendMessage(WebSocket webSocket, String message) {
webSocket.send(message);
}
/**
* 获取json格式的消息
*
* @param message
* @return
*/
public String getMessage(Message message) {
return JsonKit.toJson(message);
}
public int getOnLineCount() {
return onLineMap.size();
}
public List<User> getOnLineUserList() {
List<User> userList = new ArrayList<>();
for (String key : onLineMap.keySet()) {
userList.add((User) onLineMap.get(key).get(USER_KEY));
}
return userList;
}
}