(2)基于对象 —class without pointer members — Complex

相关知识点

class template (模板) 简介

constructor (ctor, 构造函数)

 

一个变量或对象的数值的设定有两阶段:

  • 初始化(initialization),创建新对象的时候执行
  • 赋值(assignments), 对象已经存在,时间点晚一些,效率差一些(对象已经存在,空间已经存在)

 

构造函数初始化列表赋值: 初始化阶段

大括号函数体内赋值: 赋值阶段(非初始化阶段) 

 

所以对于class中的 object data memberconst data memberreference data member 等必须放在初始化列表中。

 

 ctor (构造函数) 可以有很多個 – overloading (重载)

 constructor (ctor, 构造函数) 被放在 private (单例设计模式)

 参数传递  pass by value vs. pass by reference (引用)(to const)

返回值传递:return by value vs. return by reference (to const)

参数和返回值的传递尽量传引用   (是在可以的情况下)

friend(友元)函数

打破了 C++ 的封装的大门,类的友元函数能直接拿到该类对象的私有数据,而其他的普通函数只能通过接口访问对象的私有数据。

相同class的各个 objects 互为 friends(友员)

class complex {
    ...

    // 相同class的各个 objects 互为 friends(友员)
    int func(const complex &param) {
        return param.re + param.im; // 可直接访问 私有数据
    }
    private:
        double re, im;
};

reference(引用) :

本质就是指针(指针常量,不允许被改变,即引用必须初始化,且一旦初始化完成后不可更改,不能再指向其它类型),但是形式很漂亮。

reference 的主要两个应用就是(出于效率考虑):

  • 参数传递
  • 返回值传递

Q:参数传递,什么时候用引用传递? 
A:传递引用的效率和传递指针的效率一样,所传递的是指针的大小(4字节或8字节),所以一般对于内建类型来说:by value 和 by reference 都可,效率相差不大;但是如果要传递结构体或object的话:尽量 by reference,而且,如果不改变所传递的reference,就在 reference前面加上 const。
Q:返回值传递,什么时候传递引用? 
A:需要返回或传递出去的东西(object)已经存在空间,且其生命期在此函数之外,即函数执行完后,需要传递出去的东西还存在,那么就可以 return by reference。对于 local object,即其生命期只局限于在该函数执行期,函数执行完后,该 local object 也就死亡了,对于这样的东西,就不能 return by reference。传出者无需知道接收者是否以 reference 形式接收。 
Tips:传递参数和返回值传递的时候,首先考虑能否用 reference,能的话就尽量用引用来传递,另外在传递参数的时候,如果不修改传进来的引用,就最好加上 const。

 

operator overloading(操作符重载)

操作符可重载为以下两种函数:

  • 成员函数 
    • 任何的 non-ststic 成员函数都有一个隐藏的 this 指针
  • 非成员函数(global函数) 
    • << 只能重载为非成员函数(友元或非友元都可)

操作符重載-1, 成員函數(有this)

操作符重載-2, 非成員函數  (無 this)

temp obbject(临时对象):typename(); 

临时对象没有名称,生命期到下一行就结束,标准库中应用的较多。

complex operator + (const complex &x, const complex &y) {
    return complex(x.real() + y.real(), x.imag() + y.imag()); // 临时对象
}

 

Complex

#ifndef __MYCOMPLEX__
#define __MYCOMPLEX__

class complex; 
complex&
  __doapl (complex* ths, const complex& r);
complex&
  __doami (complex* ths, const complex& r);
complex&
  __doaml (complex* ths, const complex& r);


class complex
{
public:
  complex (double r = 0, double i = 0): re (r), im (i) { }
  complex& operator += (const complex&);
  complex& operator -= (const complex&);
  complex& operator *= (const complex&);
  complex& operator /= (const complex&);
  double real () const { return re; }
  double imag () const { return im; }
private:
  double re, im;

  friend complex& __doapl (complex *, const complex&);
  friend complex& __doami (complex *, const complex&);
  friend complex& __doaml (complex *, const complex&);
};


inline complex&
__doapl (complex* ths, const complex& r)
{
  ths->re += r.re;
  ths->im += r.im;
  return *ths;
}
 
inline complex&
complex::operator += (const complex& r)
{
  return __doapl (this, r);
}

inline complex&
__doami (complex* ths, const complex& r)
{
  ths->re -= r.re;
  ths->im -= r.im;
  return *ths;
}
 
inline complex&
complex::operator -= (const complex& r)
{
  return __doami (this, r);
}
 
inline complex&
__doaml (complex* ths, const complex& r)
{
  double f = ths->re * r.re - ths->im * r.im;
  ths->im = ths->re * r.im + ths->im * r.re;
  ths->re = f;
  return *ths;
}

inline complex&
complex::operator *= (const complex& r)
{
  return __doaml (this, r);
}
 
inline double
imag (const complex& x)
{
  return x.imag ();
}

inline double
real (const complex& x)
{
  return x.real ();
}

inline complex
operator + (const complex& x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (real (x) + real (y), imag (x) + imag (y));
}

inline complex
operator + (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return complex (real (x) + y, imag (x));
}

inline complex
operator + (double x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (x + real (y), imag (y));
}

inline complex
operator - (const complex& x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (real (x) - real (y), imag (x) - imag (y));
}

inline complex
operator - (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return complex (real (x) - y, imag (x));
}

inline complex
operator - (double x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (x - real (y), - imag (y));
}

inline complex
operator * (const complex& x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (real (x) * real (y) - imag (x) * imag (y),
			   real (x) * imag (y) + imag (x) * real (y));
}

inline complex
operator * (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return complex (real (x) * y, imag (x) * y);
}

inline complex
operator * (double x, const complex& y)
{
  return complex (x * real (y), x * imag (y));
}

complex
operator / (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return complex (real (x) / y, imag (x) / y);
}

inline complex
operator + (const complex& x)
{
  return x;
}

inline complex
operator - (const complex& x)
{
  return complex (-real (x), -imag (x));
}

inline bool
operator == (const complex& x, const complex& y)
{
  return real (x) == real (y) && imag (x) == imag (y);
}

inline bool
operator == (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return real (x) == y && imag (x) == 0;
}

inline bool
operator == (double x, const complex& y)
{
  return x == real (y) && imag (y) == 0;
}

inline bool
operator != (const complex& x, const complex& y)
{
  return real (x) != real (y) || imag (x) != imag (y);
}

inline bool
operator != (const complex& x, double y)
{
  return real (x) != y || imag (x) != 0;
}

inline bool
operator != (double x, const complex& y)
{
  return x != real (y) || imag (y) != 0;
}

#include <cmath>

inline complex
polar (double r, double t)
{
  return complex (r * cos (t), r * sin (t));
}

inline complex
conj (const complex& x) 
{
  return complex (real (x), -imag (x));
}

inline double
norm (const complex& x)
{
  return real (x) * real (x) + imag (x) * imag (x);
}

#endif   //__MYCOMPLEX__

 

 

#include <iostream>
#include "complex.h"

using namespace std;

ostream&
operator << (ostream& os, const complex& x)
{
  return os << '(' << real (x) << ',' << imag (x) << ')';
}

int main()
{
  complex c1(2, 1);
  complex c2(4, 0);

  cout << c1 << endl;
  cout << c2 << endl;
  
  cout << c1+c2 << endl;
  cout << c1-c2 << endl;
  cout << c1*c2 << endl;
  cout << c1 / 2 << endl;
  
  cout << conj(c1) << endl;
  cout << norm(c1) << endl;
  cout << polar(10,4) << endl;
  
  cout << (c1 += c2) << endl;
  
  cout << (c1 == c2) << endl;
  cout << (c1 != c2) << endl;
  cout << +c2 << endl;
  cout << -c2 << endl;
  
  cout << (c2 - 2) << endl;
  cout << (5 + c2) << endl;
  
  return 0;
}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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