Promise的各种方法

JavaScript的Promise是用于处理异步操作的一种方法。Promise对象代表一个异步操作的最终完成（或失败）及其结果值。下面介绍Promise的各种用法，包括创建Promise、链式调用、错误处理、Promise.all、Promise.race、Promise.any等。

1. 创建Promise
const myPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  // 异步操作
  let condition = true;

  if (condition) {
    resolve('Success!'); // 操作成功
  } else {
    reject('Failure!'); // 操作失败
  }
});

2. 使用.then()和.catch()
myPromise
  .then(result => {
    console.log(result); // 'Success!'
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error); // 'Failure!'
  });

3. 链式调用
myPromise
  .then(result => {
    console.log(result);
    return 'Another success';
  })
  .then(newResult => {
    console.log(newResult);
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  });


4. .finally()

myPromise
  .then(result => {
    console.log(result);
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  })
  .finally(() => {
    console.log('Operation complete.');
  });

5. Promise.all
Promise.all用于等待所有Promise都完成或其中一个Promise被拒绝。

const promise1 = Promise.resolve(3);
const promise2 = 42;
const promise3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'foo');
});

Promise.all([promise1, promise2, promise3])
  .then(values => {
    console.log(values); // [3, 42, "foo"]
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  });


6. Promise.race

Promise.race用于等待第一个Promise完成或拒绝。
const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 500, 'one');
});
const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'two');
});

Promise.race([promise1, promise2])
  .then(value => {
    console.log(value); // 'two'
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  });


7. Promise.any
Promise.any用于等待第一个Promise完成，忽略拒绝的Promise。
const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(reject, 100, 'one');
});
const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 200, 'two');
});
const promise3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 300, 'three');
});

Promise.any([promise1, promise2, promise3])
  .then(value => {
    console.log(value); // 'two'
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  });


8. Promise.allSettled

Promise.allSettled用于等待所有Promise完成（无论成功或失败）。

const promise1 = Promise.resolve('Success');
const promise2 = Promise.reject('Error');
const promise3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'Another success');
});

Promise.allSettled([promise1, promise2, promise3])
  .then(results => {
    results.forEach((result) => console.log(result));
    // { status: 'fulfilled', value: 'Success' }
    // { status: 'rejected', reason: 'Error' }
    // { status: 'fulfilled', value: 'Another success' }
  });


9. Promisify
将回调函数转换为Promise形式。
const fs = require('fs');
const util = require('util');

const readFile = util.promisify(fs.readFile);

readFile('example.txt', 'utf8')
  .then(data => {
    console.log(data);
  })
  .catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
  });


10. Async/Await

使用async和await来处理Promise，使代码更简洁
async function fetchData() {
  try {
    const response = await axios.get('https://api.example.com/data');
    console.log(response.data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
}

fetchData();

11. Custom Promises
function delay(ms) {
  return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}

delay(1000)
  .then(() => {
    console.log('Executed after 1 second');
  });