前面的文章学习了服务的注册和发现。在微服务架构中,业务都会被拆分成一个独立的服务,服务与服务的通讯是基于http restful的。Spring cloud有两种服务调用方式,一种是ribbon+restTemplate,另一种是feign。在这一篇文章要学习的是如何 通过 rest + ribbon 和 Feign 来消费服务,也就是跨服务调用。
1. Rest + Ribbon
1.1 Ribbon 简介
ribbon 是一个客户端负载均衡器,可以简单的理解成类似于 nginx的负载均衡模块的功能,可以很好的控制http和tcp的一些行为。
1.2 创建服务消费者
在之前那个项目里面创建一个Module,和之前创建服务相似的过程,注意下要导入Ribbon所需的包。
创建完成之后的 pom.xml 内容如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demoRibbon</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.0.2.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Finchley.BUILD-SNAPSHOT</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-snapshots</id>
<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<name>Spring Milestones</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
</repositories>
</project>
1.3 添加注解
在服务的启动类中,通过 @EnableDiscoveryClient 指向服务中心注册,并且向程序的 ioc 注入一个bean: restTemplate;并通过@LoadBalanced注解表明这个restRemplate开启负载均衡的功能。
package com.example.demo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
public class DemoRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoRibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate(){
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
1.4 配置信息
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:10000/eureka/
server:
port: 10001
spring:
application:
name: service-demo
1.5 测试
写一个测试类HelloController,通过之前注入ioc容器的restTemplate来消费service-demo服务的“/hello”接口,在这里我们直接用的服务名替代了具体的url地址,在ribbon中它会根据服务名来选择具体的服务实例,根据服务实例在请求的时候会用具体的url替换掉服务名,如果服务名带有下划线都无法调用成功,代码如下:
package com.example.demo.controller;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
@RequestMapping("/wlecome")
public String wlecome(@RequestParam String name){
String wlecome = restTemplate.getForObject("http://SERVICE-DEMO/hello?name="+name, String.class);
return wlecome;
}
}
在浏览器上访问 http://localhost:10002/wlecome?name=yangling ,页面打印出:
由于我们代码输出的是的service-demo服务的端口号,所以 prot 显示的是10001。
这说明当我们通过调用 restTemplate.getForObject("http://SERVICE-DEMO/hello?name="+name, String.class) 方法时,已经做了负载均衡,访问了不同的端口的服务实例。
2. Feign
2.1 Feign简介
官网里面解释:Feign是一个声明式的伪Http客户端,它使得写Http客户端变得更简单。使用Feign,只需要创建一个接口并注解。它具有可插拔的注解特性,可使用Feign 注解和JAX-RS注解。Feign支持可插拔的编码器和解码器。Feign默认集成了Ribbon,并和Eureka结合,默认实现了负载均衡的效果。
总结就是:
1. Feign 采用的是基于接口的注解;
2. Feign 可以和其他的开源工具集成工作;
3. Feign 整合了ribbon。
2.2 创建消费者服务
创建一个Module,和之前创建服务相似的过程,注意下要导入Feign所需的包。
创建完成之后的 pom.xml 内容如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>demo</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>demoFeign</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.0.2.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Finchley.BUILD-SNAPSHOT</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-snapshots</id>
<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>true</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<name>Spring Milestones</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
</repositories>
</project>
2.3 添加注解
在服务的启动类中,通过@EnableDiscoveryClient向服务中心注册,加上@EnableFeignClients注解开启Feign的功能:
package com.example.feign;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class DemoFeignApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoFeignApplication.class, args);
}
}
2.4 配置信息
eureka:
client:
serviceUrl:
defaultZone: http://localhost:10000/eureka/
server:
port: 10004
spring:
application:
name: service-feign
2.5 测试
定义一个feign接口,通过@FeignClient(“服务名”),来指定调用哪个服务,需要注意的是如果调用的服务名带有下划线在启动时会报错。比如在代码中调用了service-demo服务的“/hello”接口,代码如下:
package com.example.feign.feign;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@FeignClient("service-demo")//访问的服务名如果带有下划线启动会报错
public interface SchedualServiceHello {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hello",method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHelloFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
写一个测试Controll,通过上面定义的Feign客户端SchedualServiceHi 来消费服务。代码如下:
package com.example.feign.controller;
import com.example.feign.feign.SchedualServiceHello;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class FeignController {
@Autowired
SchedualServiceHello schedualServiceHello;
String port;
@RequestMapping("/hello")
public String home(@RequestParam String name) {
return schedualServiceHello.sayHelloFromClientOne(name);
}
}
在浏览器上访问 http://localhost:10003/hello?name=feign ,页面打印出:
3 总结
通过 Rest+Ribbon 和 Feign, 我们能把HTTP远程调用对开发者完全透明,得到与调用本地方法一致的编码体验。这一点与阿里Dubbo中暴露远程服务的方式类似,区别在于Dubbo是基于私有二进制协议,而它们本质上还是个HTTP客户端。如果是在用Spring Cloud Netflix搭建微服务,一般我们选择 Feign 。