本文摘自:https://www.jianshu.com/p/c64f06f0823b
https://www.cnblogs.com/cjsblog/p/9773079.html
https://www.cnblogs.com/shen-qian/p/12108655.html
ThreadLocal提供了线程的局部变量(或本地变量)。它可以保证访问到的变量属于当前线程,每个访问这种变量的线程(通过它的get或set方法)都有自己的、独立初始化的变量副本,每个线程的变量都不同。ThreadLocal相当于提供了一种线程隔离,将变量与线程相绑定。
ThreadLocal类定义如下:可以简单瞄一眼吆,毕竟没有浏览的欲望....
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();
private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode = new AtomicInteger();
private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;
private static int nextHashCode() {
return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
}
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}
public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
}
public ThreadLocal() {
}
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
public void remove() {
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);
}
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
}
T childValue(T parentValue) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {
private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;
SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
}
@Override
protected T initialValue() {
return supplier.get();
}
}
static class ThreadLocalMap {
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
private Entry[] table;
private int size = 0;
private int threshold; // Default to 0
private void setThreshold(int len) {
threshold = len * 2 / 3;
}
private static int nextIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i + 1 < len) ? i + 1 : 0);
}
private static int prevIndex(int i, int len) {
return ((i - 1 >= 0) ? i - 1 : len - 1);
}
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal<?> firstKey, Object firstValue) {
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
size = 1;
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
private ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
Entry[] parentTable = parentMap.table;
int len = parentTable.length;
setThreshold(len);
table = new Entry[len];
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = parentTable[j];
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
ThreadLocal<Object> key = (ThreadLocal<Object>) e.get();
if (key != null) {
Object value = key.childValue(e.value);
Entry c = new Entry(key, value);
int h = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
while (table[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
table[h] = c;
size++;
}
}
}
}
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal<?> key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key)
return e;
if (k == null)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
private void set(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
private void remove(ThreadLocal<?> key) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
if (e.get() == key) {
e.clear();
expungeStaleEntry(i);
return;
}
}
}
private void replaceStaleEntry(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value,
int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
Entry e;
int slotToExpunge = staleSlot;
for (int i = prevIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = prevIndex(i, len))
if (e.get() == null)
slotToExpunge = i;
for (int i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
tab[i] = tab[staleSlot];
tab[staleSlot] = e;
if (slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
return;
}
if (k == null && slotToExpunge == staleSlot)
slotToExpunge = i;
}
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = new Entry(key, value);
if (slotToExpunge != staleSlot)
cleanSomeSlots(expungeStaleEntry(slotToExpunge), len);
}
private int expungeStaleEntry(int staleSlot) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
tab[staleSlot].value = null;
tab[staleSlot] = null;
size--;
Entry e;
int i;
for (i = nextIndex(staleSlot, len);
(e = tab[i]) != null;
i = nextIndex(i, len)) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {
e.value = null;
tab[i] = null;
size--;
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (len - 1);
if (h != i) {
tab[i] = null;
while (tab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, len);
tab[h] = e;
}
}
}
return i;
}
private boolean cleanSomeSlots(int i, int n) {
boolean removed = false;
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
do {
i = nextIndex(i, len);
Entry e = tab[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == null) {
n = len;
removed = true;
i = expungeStaleEntry(i);
}
} while ( (n >>>= 1) != 0);
return removed;
}
private void rehash() {
expungeStaleEntries();
if (size >= threshold - threshold / 4)
resize();
}
private void resize() {
Entry[] oldTab = table;
int oldLen = oldTab.length;
int newLen = oldLen * 2;
Entry[] newTab = new Entry[newLen];
int count = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < oldLen; ++j) {
Entry e = oldTab[j];
if (e != null) {
ThreadLocal<?> k = e.get();
if (k == null) {
e.value = null; // Help the GC
} else {
int h = k.threadLocalHashCode & (newLen - 1);
while (newTab[h] != null)
h = nextIndex(h, newLen);
newTab[h] = e;
count++;
}
}
}
setThreshold(newLen);
size = count;
table = newTab;
}
private void expungeStaleEntries() {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
Entry e = tab[j];
if (e != null && e.get() == null)
expungeStaleEntry(j);
}
}
}
}
内部方法:
ThreadLocal通过threadLocalHashCode来标识每一个ThreadLocal的唯一性。threadLocalHashCode通过CAS操作进行更新,每次hash操作的增量为 0x61c88647(不知为何)。
接下来看下ThreadLocal的set、get等相关主要方法
set方法:
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
通过Thread.currentThread()方法获取了当前的线程引用,并传给了getMap(Thread)方法获取一个ThreadLocalMap的实例。我们继续跟进getMap(Thread)方法:
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
可以看到getMap(Thread)方法直接返回Thread实例的成员变量threadLocals。它的定义在Thread内部,访问级别为package级别:
public class Thread implements Runnable {
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives();
}
private volatile char name[];
private int priority;
private Thread threadQ;
private long eetop;
private boolean single_step;
private boolean daemon = false;
private boolean stillborn = false;
private Runnable target;
private ThreadGroup group;
private ClassLoader contextClassLoader;
private AccessControlContext inheritedAccessControlContext;
private static int threadInitNumber;
private static synchronized int nextThreadNum() {
return threadInitNumber++;
}
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
..........
}
到了这里,我们可以看出,每个Thread里面都有一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap成员变量,也就是说每个线程通过ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap与ThreadLocal相绑定,这样可以确保每个线程访问到的thread-local variable都是本线程的。
我们往下继续分析。获取了ThreadLocalMap实例以后,如果它不为空则调用ThreadLocalMap.ThreadLocalMap 的set方法设值;若为空则调用ThreadLocal 的createMap方法new一个ThreadLocalMap实例并赋给Thread.threadLocals。
ThreadLocal 的 createMap方法的源码如下:
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
而ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的一个静态内部类,在文章开头贴出的ThreadLocal源码可查看。
总结:
set操作是向当前线程的ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap类型的成员变量threadLocals中设置值,key是this,value是我们指定的值
注意,这里传的this代表的是那个ThreadLocal类型的变量(或者说叫对象)
也就是说,每个线程都维护了一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap类型的对象,而set操作其实就是以ThreadLocal变量为key,以我们指定的值为value,最后将这个键值对封装成Entry对象放到该线程的ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap对象中。每个ThreadLocal变量在该线程中都是ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap对象中的一个Entry。既然每个ThreadLocal变量都对应ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap中的一个元素,那么就可以对这些元素进行读写删除操作。
get方法:
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T result = (T)e.value;
return result;
}
}
return setInitialValue();
}
通过Thread.currentThread()方法获取了当前的线程引用,并传给了getMap(Thread)方法获取一个ThreadLocalMap的实例,getMap方法前面已经贴出来了。继续跟进setInitialValue()方法:
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
首先调用 initialValue()方法来初始化,然后 通过Thread.currentThread()方法获取了当前的线程引用,并传给了getMap(Thread)方法获取一个ThreadLocalMap的实例,并将 初始化值存到ThreadLocalMap 中。
initialValue() 源码如下:
protected T initialValue() {
return null;
}
总结:
get()方法就是从当前线程的ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap对象中取出对应的ThreadLocal变量所对应的值
同理,remove()方法就是清除这个值
public void remove() {
ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
if (m != null)
m.remove(this);
}
ThreadLocal的图形理解:
或者
ThreadLocal的使用场景是在线程的声明周期内传值(数据库连接、session管理等),ThreadLocal关键点是在于ThreadLocalMap,可以说一切归功于此,看完上面的描述,应该会有一个直观的体会吧。
下面我们探究一下ThreadLocalMap的实现。
ThreadLocalMap
ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal的静态内部类,部分源码如下:
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
static class ThreadLocalMap {
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
/**
* The initial capacity -- MUST be a power of two.
*/
private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16;
/**
* The table, resized as necessary.
* table.length MUST always be a power of two.
*/
private Entry[] table;
/**
* The number of entries in the table.
*/
private int size = 0;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize.
*/
private int threshold; // Default to 0
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal firstKey, Object firstValue) {
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
size = 1;
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
}
}
其中INITIAL_CAPACITY代表这个Map的初始容量;1是一个Entry类型的数组,用于存储数据;size代表表中的存储数目;threshold代表需要扩容时对应size的阈值。
Entry类是ThreadLocalMap的静态内部类,用于存储数据。
Entry类继承了WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>>,即每个Entry对象都有一个ThreadLocal的弱引用(作为key),这是为了防止内存泄露。一旦线程结束,key变为一个不可达的对象,这个Entry就可以被GC了。
接下来我们来看ThreadLocalMap 的set方法的实现:
private void set(ThreadLocal key, Object value) {
// We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
ThreadLocal 的get方法会调用 ThreadLocalMap 的 getEntry(ThreadLocal key) ,其源码如下:
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal k = e.get();
if (k == key)
return e;
if (k == null)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
ThreadLocal弱引用
说ThreadLocal是一个弱引用,其本质是ThreadLocal类中ThreadLocalMap类中的Entry的key是一个弱引用。前面提到过Entry中的key是this,this指向ThreadLocal
在ThreadLocal源码中,截取一段ThreadLocalMap的源码如下:
static class Entry extends WeakReference<ThreadLocal<?>> {
/** The value associated with this ThreadLocal. */
Object value;
Entry(ThreadLocal<?> k, Object v) {
//由于Entry继承了WeakReference,所以这里以一个弱引用指向ThreadLcoal对象
super(k);
value = v;
}
}
为什么要这么做呢?
看下面的这种场景:
public void func1() { ThreadLocal tl = new ThreadLocal<Integer>(); //line1 tl.set(100); //line2 tl.get(); //line3 }
line1新建了一个ThreadLocal对象,t1 是强引用指向这个对象;line2调用set()后,新建一个Entry,通过源码可知entry对象里的 k是弱引用指向这个对象。如图:
当func1方法执行完毕后,栈帧销毁,强引用 tl 也就没有了,但此时线程的ThreadLocalMap里某个entry的 k 引用还指向这个对象。若这个k 引用是强引用,就会导致k指向的ThreadLocal对象及v指向的对象不能被gc回收,造成内存泄漏,但是弱引用就不会有这个问题(弱引用及强引用等这里不说了)。使用弱引用,就可以使ThreadLocal对象在方法执行完毕后顺利被回收,而且在entry的k引用为null后,再调用get,set或remove方法时,就会尝试删除key为null的entry,可以释放value对象所占用的内存。
概括说就是:在方法中新建一个ThreadLocal对象,就有一个强引用指向它,在调用set()后,线程的ThreadLocalMap对象里的Entry对象又有一个引用 k 指向它。如果后面这个引用 k 是强引用就会使方法执行完,栈帧中的强引用销毁了,对象还不能回收,造成严重的内存泄露。
注意:虽然弱引用,保证了k指向的ThreadLocal对象能被及时回收,但是v指向的value对象是需要ThreadLocalMap调用get、set时发现k为null时才会去回收整个entry、value,因此弱引用不能保证内存完全不泄露。我们要在不使用某个ThreadLocal对象后,手动调用remoev方法来删除它,尤其是在线程池中,不仅仅是内存泄露的问题,因为线程池中的线程是重复使用的,意味着这个线程的ThreadLocalMap对象也是重复使用的,如果我们不手动调用remove方法,那么后面的线程就有可能获取到上个线程遗留下来的value值,造成bug。