[Python] pip 命令和参数整理

什么是 Pip?

Pip是现代的、通用的Python包管理工具。提供了对Python 包的查找、下载、安装、卸载的功能。

命令

• install

  安装包

  • 无参数, 直接从pypi中查找下载

    >> pip install Django # 安装最新稳定的版本，可能会将某些依赖的版本更新为符合的版本。所以要可能的话，项目中版本号全部都限制好。
    >> pip install Django==3.0 # 安装3.0版本
    >> pip install Django>=3.0 # 安装3.0及以上的版本
    >> pip install Django~=3.0 # 安装3.0小版本匹配即安装3.0.x中最新稳定的版本
    

  • -e 安装可编辑的包。不同项目，但是一个项目依赖时使用。

    >> pip install -e 本地目录
    >> pip install -e git+https://github.com/django/django.git#egg=django
    >> pip install -e git+ssh://git@github.com:django/django.git#egg=django
    

  • -r 不解释,懂得都懂。通过requirements文件可控地安装很多依赖。

    >> pip install -r requirements.txt
    

  • -t 安装到指定位置

    >> pip install -t 位置目录
    

• download

  下载包 把指定的包的二进制文件下载到指定位置

  >> pip download django -d ${DEST}
  

• uninstall

  删除包

  >> pip uninstall Django
  

• freeze

    -r, --requirement <file>    Use the order in the given requirements file and its comments when generating output. This option can be used multiple times.
    -f, --find-links <url>      URL for finding packages, which will be added to the output.
    -l, --local                 If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not output globally-installed packages.
    --user                      Only output packages installed in user-site.
    --path <path>               Restrict to the specified installation path for listing packages (can be used multiple times).
    --all                       Do not skip these packages in the output: setuptools, pip, distribute, wheel
    --exclude-editable          Exclude editable package from output.
  

  >> pip freeze
  
  asgiref==3.2.10
  Django==3.0.8
  pytz==2020.1
  sqlparse==0.3.1
  

• list

  Usage:   
    pip3 list [options]
  
  Description:
    List installed packages, including editables.
    
    Packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
  
  List Options:
    -o, --outdated              List outdated packages  # 列出过期
    -u, --uptodate              List uptodate packages	# 列出最新
    -e, --editable              List editable projects.  # 列出可编辑
    -l, --local                 If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not list globally-installed packages.  # 列出安装在虚拟环境中的
    --user                      Only output packages installed in user-site. # 安装在用户目录下的
    --path <path>               Restrict to the specified installation path for listing packages (can be used multiple times).
    --pre                       Include pre-release and development versions. By default, pip only finds stable versions.
    --format <list_format>      Select the output format among: columns (default), freeze, or json
    --not-required              List packages that are not dependencies of installed packages.
    --exclude-editable          Exclude editable package from output.
    --include-editable          Include editable package from output.
  

• show

  展示指定的已安装的包

  >> pip show Django
  
  Name: Django
  Version: 3.0.8
  Summary: A high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.
  Home-page: https://www.djangoproject.com/
  Author: Django Software Foundation
  Author-email: foundation@djangoproject.com
  License: BSD
  Location: /home/ling/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages
  Requires: sqlparse, asgiref, pytz
  Required-by:
  

• check

  检查某个包的依赖是否合适

  >> pip check Django
  
  launchpadlib 1.10.13 requires testresources, which is not installed.
  flask-security-too 3.4.2 requires email-validator, which is not installed.
  awscli 1.18.66 has requirement botocore==1.16.16, but you have botocore 1.16.6.
  

• config

  用来配置本地和全局的配置

  >> pip config list --[user|global] # 列出用户|全局的设置
  
  >> pip config get global.index-url # 得到这key对应的value
  >> https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
  
  >> pip config set key value
  >> pip config unset key
  

• search

  在pypi里搜索相关包

  >> pip search flask
  
  Flask-SimpleMDE (0.3.0)     - Flask-SimpleMDE - a Flask extension for SimpleMDE
  Flask-Pure (0.5)            - Flask-Pure - a Flask extension for Pure.css
  Flask-OrientDB (0.1)        - A Flask extension for using OrientDB with Flask
  Flask-ElasticUtils (0.1.7)  - ElasticUtils for Flask
  Flask-Waitress (0.0.1)      - Flask Waitress
  sockjs-flask (0.3)          - SockJs for Flask
  Flask-Stripe (0.1.0)        - Flask-Stripe
  Flask-PubSub (0.1.0)        - Flask-PubSub
  ...
  

• cache

  管理pip的本地缓存

  • dir 缓存目录

    >> pip cache dir
    /home/stephen-ling/,cache/pip
    

  • info 缓存的一些信息

    >> pip cache info
    Location: /home/stephen-ling/.cache/pip/wheels
    Size: 0 bytes
    Number of wheels: 0
    

  • list 列出当前缓存的包
  • purge 清除缓存
  • remove 删除对应的缓存
• wheel

  打包成二进制文件

  >> pip wheel Django
  

• hash

  计算一个包的hash值

• completion

• debug

  提供一些debug有用的信息， 不知道可以怎么用。

• help

  查询帮助

  >> pip help