测试数据准备800万条数据,这里通过存储过程导入数据
do
insert into part_tab
values (v,'testing partitions',adddate('1995-01-01',(rand(v)*36520) mod 3652));
set v = v + 1;
end while;
end
delimiter ;
call load_part_tab();
#导入末分区表中数据
insert into no_part_tab select * from part_tab;
#查询数据库的数量
SELECT count(*) FROM part_tab; //8000000
#测试sql性能
#分区之后的数据时间
select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31';
花费时间 0.138s
#未分区的数据
select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31';
花费时间1.166s
通过explain关键字进行分析
分区表的数据分析
EXPLAIN select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31';
未分区表的数据分析
explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31';
结果如下:
对没有分区的数据进行加索引进行测试
create index idx_of_c3 on no_part_tab (c3)
#创建索引执行时间24.008s
创建索引执行
select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31';
花费时间:0.198s
为了验证对未使用所以你的额两个查询再次进行校验:
select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date
'1996-12-31' and c2='hello';
#0.291s
select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1996-12-31' and c2='hello';
#查询时间1.216s
= 初步结论 =
* 分区和未分区占用文件空间大致相同 (数据和索引文件)
* 如果查询语句中有未建立索引字段,分区时间远远优于未分区时间
* 如果查询语句中字段建立了索引,分区和未分区的差别缩小,分区略优于未分区。
= 最终结论 =
* 对于大数据量,建议使用分区功能。
* 去除不必要的字段
* 根据手册, 增加myisam_max_sort_file_size 会增加分区性能
[分区命令详解]
= 分区例子 =
* RANGE 类型
CREATE TABLE users (
uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (9000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);
在这里,将用户表分成4个分区,以每300万条记录为界限,每个分区都有自己独立的数据、索引文件的存放目录,与此同时,这些目录所在的物理磁盘分区可能也都是完全独立的,可以提高磁盘IO吞吐量。
* LIST 类型
CREATE TABLE category (
cid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY LIST (cid) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES IN (0,4,8,12)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1,5,9,13)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
PARTITION p2 VALUES IN (2,6,10,14)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
PARTITION p3 VALUES IN (3,7,11,15)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);
分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。
* HASH 类型
CREATE TABLE users (
uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY HASH (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
PARTITION p0
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
PARTITION p2
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
PARTITION p3
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);
分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。
例子:
CREATE TABLE ti2 (id INT, amount DECIMAL(7,2), tr_date DATE)
ENGINE=myisam
PARTITION BY HASH( MONTH(tr_date) )
PARTITIONS 6;
CREATE PROCEDURE load_ti2()
begin
declare v int default 0;
while v < 80000
do
insert into ti2
values (v,'3.14',adddate('1995-01-01',(rand(v)*3652) mod 365));
set v = v + 1;
end while;
end
//
* KEY 类型
CREATE TABLE users (
uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY KEY (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
PARTITION p0
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
PARTITION p2
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
PARTITION p3
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);
分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。
* 子分区
子分区是针对 RANGE/LIST 类型的分区表中每个分区的再次分割。再次分割可以是 HASH/KEY 等类型。例如:
CREATE TABLE users (
uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (uid % 4) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);
对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 HASH 类型。
或者
CREATE TABLE users (
uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY KEY(uid) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);
对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 KEY 类型。
= 分区管理 =
* 删除分区
ALERT TABLE users DROP PARTITION p0;
删除分区 p0。
* 重建分区
o RANGE 分区重建
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000));
将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。
o LIST 分区重建
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES IN(0,1,4,5,8,9,12,13));
将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。
o HASH/KEY 分区重建
ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION COALESCE PARTITION 2;
用 REORGANIZE 方式重建分区的数量变成2,在这里数量只能减少不能增加。想要增加可以用 ADD PARTITION 方法。
* 新增分区
o 新增 RANGE 分区
ALTER TABLE category ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p4 VALUES IN (16,17,18,19)
DATA DIRECTORY = '/data8/data'
INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data9/idx');
新增一个RANGE分区。
o 新增 HASH/KEY 分区
ALTER TABLE users ADD PARTITION PARTITIONS 8;
将分区总数扩展到8个。
[ 给已有的表加上分区 ]
alter table results partition by RANGE (month(ttime))
(PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3) ,
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (4) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (5) ,
PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (6) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (7) ,
PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (8) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (9) ,
PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (10) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (11),
PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN (12),
PARTITION P12 VALUES LESS THAN (13) );
默认分区限制分区字段必须是主键(PRIMARY KEY)的一部分,为了去除此
限制:
[方法1] 使用ID
mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
-> PARTITION BY HASH( TO_DAYS(added) )
-> PARTITIONS 4;
ERROR 1503 (HY000): A PRIMARY KEY must include all columns in the table's partitioning function
However, this statement using the id column for the partitioning column is valid, as shown here:
mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
-> PARTITION BY HASH(id)
-> PARTITIONS 4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
[方法2] 将原有PK去掉生成新PK
mysql> alter table results drop PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (7 min 4.05 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table results add PRIMARY KEY(id, ttime);
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (6 min 14.86 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0